Use of lipid conjugates in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from a disease of the central nervous system which is associated with an inflammatory response, including, inter alia, multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), meningitis, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, pain, HIV-associated dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, encephalomyelitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, cerebral ischemia-induced injury or any combination thereof. This invention further provides for the use of a conjugate, or composition comprising the same, for treating the subject, wherein the conjugate comprises a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/790,182, filed Mar. 2, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,141,552 which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/756,765, filed Jan. 10, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,034,006 which claims priority from a Provisional Application U.S. Ser. No. 60/174,907, filed Jan. 10, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a method for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder of the nervous system, associated with an inflammatory response. This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from a disease of the central nervous system, including, inter alia, a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lipid-conjugates having a pharmacological activity of inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2, EC 3.1.1.4) are known in the prior art. Phospholipase A2 catalyzes the breakdown of phospholipids at the sn-2 position to produce a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. The activity of this enzyme has been correlated with various cell functions, particularly with the production of lipid mediators such as eicosanoid production (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), platelet activating factor and lysophospholipids. Since their inception, lipid-conjugates have been subjected to intensive laboratory investigation in order to obtain a wider scope of protection of cells and organisms from injurious agents and pathogenic processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides lipid conjugates, comprising glycerol-derived lipids including phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine, which when appropriately prepared by conjugation to a physiologically compatible monomer, dimer, oligomer or polymeric moiety, display an unexpected wide range and potency of pharmacological activities. Administration of these compounds comprises effective treatment of a subject afflicted with, inter-alia, diseases or disorders involving the production of lipid mediators and/or impairment of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) functioning in the central nervous system. The diseases or disorders may comprise multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), meningitis, Alzheimer's disease, pain, HIV-associated dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, encephalomyelitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, cerebral ischemia-induced injury or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder of the central nervous system associated with an inflammatory response, comprising the steps of administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate comprising a lipid or phospholipid moiety, which is bonded directly, via an amide or esteric linkage to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer; or indirectly, via a spacer group Y, to the physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, wherein the linkage between the lipid or phospholipid moiety and Y, and the linkage between Y and the physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer are amide or esteric, and Y ranges in length from 2 to 30 atoms, thereby treating said subject suffering from a disease or disorder of the central nervous system associated with an inflammatory response.

In one embodiment, this invention provides administration of the conjugates for the treatment of diseases which requires controlling phospholipase A2 activities, controlling the production and/or action of lipid mediators, amelioration of damage to cell surface by glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans, controlling the production of oxygen radicals and nitric oxide, protection of lipoproteins from damaging agents, anti-oxidant therapy; anti-endotoxin therapy; controlling of cytokine, chemokine and interleukin production; controlling the proliferation of cells, controlling of angiogenesis and organ vascularization; inhibition of invasion-promoting enzymes, controlling of cell invasion, controlling of leukocyte activation, adhesion and extravasation, amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury, inhibition of lymphocyte activation, controlling of blood vessel and airway contraction, protection of blood brain barrier, controlling of neurotransmitter production and action or extracorporeal tissue preservation.

In one embodiment, this invention provides phospholipase A2 inhibitors, thus controlling the production and/or action of adverse lipid mediators.

Additional mechanism by which these compounds ameliorate diseases, is their functioning like cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The conjugated moity anchored to the cell membrane by the lipid moity, mimicks the cell surface GAG and proteoglycans in protecting the cell from damaging agents.

In another embodiment of the invention, low molecular weight lipid-conjugates, in particular lipids bound through their polar head group to a mono- or disaccharide, a carboxydisaccharide, a mono- or dicarboxylic acid, a salicylate, an amino acid, a dipeptide, an oligopeptide, a bile acid, a fatty acid, cholesterylhemisuccinate, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide unit monomer of a polyglycosaminoglycan, including repeating units of heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, chondroitin, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, dermatin, and dermatan sulfate, are provided. These compounds, as representative of the class of lipid or lipid-conjugates of low molecular weight, exhibit the same wide range and potency of pharmaceutical activities manifested by the higher molecular weight lipid-conjugates described herein. Introduction of these compounds expands the range of useful lipid-conjugatesas novel therapeutic drugs in the treatment of specific diseases.

In another embodiment of the invention, phosphatidylserine may be employed as an alternative to phosphatidylethanolamine in preparation and use of therapeutic compounds, wherein the phospholipid is bound through the polar head group to a physiologically acceptable monomer or polymer.

In another embodiment of the invention, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid lysophospholipids, and related polar phospholipids may be employed as an alternative to phosphatidylethanolamine in preparation and use of therapeutic compounds, wherein the phospholipid is bound through the polar head group to a physiologically acceptable monomer or polymer. When acylglycerols are used, such as monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol, the polar head group is a hydroxyl group. Other lipids, which enable the methods of the invention are sphingomyelin, sphingosine, and ceramide.

In another embodiment of the invention, glycerolipid derivatives bearing ether or alkyl bonds instead of ester bonds at the C1 and C2 positions of the glycerol backbone may be used as the therapeutic Lipid-conjugate compound.

In another embodiment of the invention, the lipid-conjugates are used in a process for manufacture of a composition for treating a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder of the central nervous system, associated with inflammation.

In another embodiment of the invention, the lipid-conjugates described are used in a process for manufacture of a composition for the treatment of diseases which requires controlling phospholipase A2 activities, controlling the production and/or action of lipid mediators, amelioration of damage to cell surface by glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans, controlling the production of oxygen radicals and nitric oxide, protection of lipoproteins from damaging agents, anti-oxidant therapy; anti-endotoxin therapy; controlling of cytokine, chemokine and interleukine production; controlling the proliferation of cells, controlling of angiogenesis and organ vascularization; inhibition of invasion-promoting enzymes, controlling of cell invasion, controlling of white cell activation, adhesion and extravasation, amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury, inhibition of lymphocyte activation, controlling of blood vessel and airway contraction, protection of blood brain barrier, controlling of neurotransmitter production and action or extracorporeal tissue preservation.

In one embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X, wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (II):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (III):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, inositol, choline, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (IV):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to         a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (V):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VI):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VIII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (IX):

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1.1: Inhibition of endothelin-1 (ET)-induced contraction of rat tracheal rings by Lipid-conjugates. A: Contraction of rat trachea by Endothelin-1. B: Effect of HyPE on ET-induced contraction of rat trachea.

FIG. 1.2: Effect of HyPE and Hyaluronic acid (HA) on ET-1 induced contraction of rat trachea.

FIG. 1.3: Effect of HyPE and Hyaluronic acid (HA) on Acetylcholine (AcCh)-induced contraction of isolated rat trachea rings.

FIG. 1.4: Lipid-conjugates ameliorate respiratory function in asthmatic rats.

FIG. 1.5: Amelioration of respiratory function in ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic rats by aerosolic administration of HyPE.

FIG. 1.6: Amelioration of airway remodeling in ovalbumin-sensitized asthmatic rats by inhalation of HyPE (compared with systemic dexamethasone treatment).

FIG. 2.1: Amelioration of intestinal permeability in rats with indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury by CMPE.

FIG. 2.2: Amelioration of indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage by CMPE; macroscoring (left panel) and histological score (right panel).

FIG. 2.3: Amelioration of intestinal permeability in rats with TNBS-induced colitis by CMPE.

FIG. 2.4: CMPE suppresses phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activity in plasma of rats with TNBS-induced colitis.

FIG. 2.5: Amelioration of TNBS-induced colon damage by treatment with CMPE: Histology micrographs.

FIG. 2.6: Amelioration of TNBS-induced colon damage by treatment with CMPE: Histological morphometry.

FIG. 2.7: HyPE (administered orally) ameliorates dextran sulfate-induced colitis in mice: Pathological score.

FIG. 2.8: HyPE (administered orally) abates colon shortening in mice with dextran sulfate-induced colitis.

FIG. 3.1: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the secretion of PGE₂ from glial cells stimulated by LPS.

FIG. 3.2: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the secretion of PGE₂ from glial cells stimulated by pardaxin (PX).

FIG. 3.3: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the production of nitric oxide by LPS-stimulated rat glial cells.

FIG. 3.4: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the production of nitric oxide by PX-stimulated PC12 cells.

FIG. 3.5: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the secretion of sPLA₂ from glial cells stimulated by LPS.

FIG. 3.6: Lipid-conjugates inhibit PX-induced activation of PLA2 (expressed as fatty acid release) in PC12 cells.

FIG. 3.7: Effect of CMPE on LPS-induced OA release.

FIG. 3.8: Lipid-conjugates inhibit PX-induced dopamine release by PC12 cells.

FIG. 3.9: Lipid-conjugates inhibit PX-induced production of 5-HETE by PC12 cells.

FIG. 4: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on T-cell permeation through a monolayer of endothelial cells.

FIG. 5.1: Effect of CMPE on the proliferation of cultured human psoriatic fibroblasts and Swiss 3T3 cells.

FIG. 6.1: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on LDL-endogenous phospholipase A₂ activity.

FIG. 6.2: Effect of HyPE on uptake of oxidized LDL (ox LDL).

FIG. 7.1: Effect of HyPE on bovine aortic smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation.

FIG. 7.2: Effect of HyPE on proliferation of bovine aortic SMCs, stimulated with thrombin (48 hours).

FIG. 7.3: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on proliferation of human venous smooth muscle cells.

FIG. 7.4: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on ischemia/reperfusion—induced leukocyte adhesion (A) and extravasation (B) in rat cremaster muscle.

FIG. 7.5: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to activated endothelial cells (EC).

FIG. 8.1: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on secretion of collagenase IV (MMP-2) by human fibrosarcoma cells.

FIG. 8.2: HyPE inhibits hyaluronic acid degradation by hyaluronidase.

FIG. 8.3: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on the activity of exogenous heparinase.

FIG. 8.4: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on invasiveness of human fibrosarcoma cells

FIG. 8.5: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells (EC).

FIG. 8.6: Effect of HyPE on proliferation of human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC) induced by growth factors.

FIG. 8.7: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on growth factor-induced capillary formation by HNMEC in fibringel

FIG. 8.8: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on mouse lung metastases formation induced by mouse melanoma cells.

FIG. 9.1: CMPE protects BGM cells from membrane lysis induced by combined action of hydrogen peroxide (produced by glucose oxidase=GO), and exogenous phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂).

FIG. 9.2: CMPE protects BGM cells from glycosaminoglycan degradation by Hydrogen peroxide (produced by GO).

FIG. 10: HyPE protects LDL from copper-induced oxidation.

FIG. 11.1-I: Effect of lipid-conjugates on LPS-induced production of TNFα in human whole blood.

FIG. 11.1-II: Effect of HyPE on LPS-induced production of TNFα in human whole blood.

FIG. 11.2: Effect of HyPE on rat survival in LPS-induced endotoxinemia.

FIG. 11.3: Effect of HyPE on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in septic rats.

FIG. 11.4: Effect of HyPE on TNF-α production after i.p. administration of LPS and simultaneous i.v. administration of HyPE.

FIG. 11.5: Effect of HyPE on serum cytokine levels in rats injected with LPS or LPS+LTA.

FIG. 11.6: Effect of HyPE on mRNA expression of IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 genes in lung and kidney of rats with LPS-induced sepsis.

FIG. 11.7: Effect of HyPE on mRNA expression of sPLA₂-IIA and iNOS genes in kidney and lung of rats with LPS-induced sepsis.

FIG. 11.8: Effect of HyPE on ICAM-1 expression in lung and kidney of rats with LPS-induced sepsis.

FIG. 12.1: Effect of different Lipid-conjugates on LPS-induced IL-8 production.

FIG. 12.2: Effect of HyPE on LPS-induced chemokine production.

FIG. 12.3: Effect of HyPE on LTA-induced IL-8 production.

FIG. 12.4: Effect of HyPE on LPS-induced ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression.

FIG. 12.5: Effect of HyPE on LPS-induced activation of NF-kB in LMVEC.

FIG. 13.1: Inhibition of MHC-1 expression by IFN-γ stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by HyPE.

FIG. 13.2: CMPE inhibits the proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro.

FIG. 13.3: Inhibition of MLR-induced proliferation of lymphocytes by HyPE.

FIG. 14.1: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on HIV infectivity.

FIG. 15.1: Effect of CMPE on allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Corneal opacities at the immediate post-provocation phase.

FIG. 15.2: Effect of CMPE on allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Corneal opacities at the late post-provocation phase.

FIG. 15.3: Effect of CMPE on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) levels in the cornea of guinea pigs with allergic conjunctivitis.

FIG. 16.1: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on injection of HeLa cells by chlamydia.

FIG. 16.2: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on chlamydia-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells.

FIG. 18.1: Basal and LPS-induced sPLA2 activity. Glial cell cultures were incubated with or without LPS (10 mg/ml). Aliquots of the medium were removed at different time points and sPLA2 activity was determined. The results are expressed as the percentage of the control non-stimulated PLA2 activity, and they are the mean±SE from 8 independent experiments. *p<0.0001.

FIG. 18.2: Effects of LPS and exogenous sPLA2 on NO production. Glial cells were incubated with LPS and increasing amounts of exogenous PLA2. Aliquots of the media were removed for NO determination 24 hrs after stimulation. The results are expressed as the mean±SE from 4 independent experiments. *p<0.05.

FIG. 18.3: Effect of CMPE on the secretion of PLA2, PGE2, and NO by cultured glial cells. CMPE (10 mM) was applied to cells stimulated with LPS. Aliquots were removed for determination of PLA2 and NO after 24 hrs, and for PGE2 after 48 hrs. The results are the mean±SE of 4 different experiments, and are expressed as percentage of stimulated activity, comparing cells incubated with LPS in the presence and absence of CMPE. (*p<0.05).

FIG. 18.4: Effects of increased lipid:polymer ratio on HyPE inhibition of PLA2. Glial cells were treated with HyPE inhibitors containing increasing amounts of PE. Aliquots were removed for determination of PLA2 after 24 hrs. The results are the mean±SE of 4 different experiments, and are expressed as percentage of control-non stimulated cells. (*p<0.05).

FIG. 18.5: Effects of CMPE on lymphocyte proliferative responses. CMPE (10 mM) inhibited the proliferation of lymph node cells in the presence of the encephalitogenic peptide PLP or the mitogen Con A, both in naive and in EAE-mice. The results are expressed as cpm±SE, and are the mean of 3 independent experiments (*p<0.0001).

FIG. 18.6: Effects of membrane-anchored lipid conjugates on the progression of EAE in rats and mice. CMPE (10 mg/rat/day) was injected i.p. into rats from the day of EAE induction (A). HyPE (2.5 mg/mouse/every other day) was injected i.p. from the day of induction of EAE (B). The results are expressed as the mean daily clinical score.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides lipid-conjugates, which display a wide-range combination of cytoprotective pharmacological activities. These compounds can alleviate airway obstruction in asthma, protect mucosal tissue in gastrointestinal disease, suppress immune responses, alleviate cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, inhibit cell proliferation associated with vascular injury and immunological responses, inhibit cell migration associated with vascular and central nervous system disease, attenuate oxidative damage to tissue proteins and cell membranes, interfere with viral spread, reduce tissue destroying enzyme activity, and reduce intracellular levels of chemokines and cytokines. Thus these compounds are useful in the treatment of a diversity of disease states, including obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, central nervous system insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, invasive medical procedures, invasive cellular proliferative disorders, anti-oxidant therapy, hemolytic syndromes, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tissue transplant rejection syndromes, autoimmune disease, viral infection, and hypersensitivity conjunctivitis.

Obstructive respiratory disease is a disease of luminal passages in the lungs, marked by dyspnea, tachypnea, or ausculatory or radiological signs of airway obstruction. While asthma is a prototypical disorder for obstructive respiratory disease, this condition is encountered clinically also in acute pulmonary infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The pathophysiology is attributed to obstruction of air flow due to constriction of airway lumen smooth muscle and accumulation of infiltrates in and around the airway lumen.

Colitis is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal lumen, marked by abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and, upon radiological or histological diagnosis, characteristic signs of mucosal damage including epithelial denudation. Crohn's disease is a related disorder affecting typically the small intestine but which may involve any region of the gastrointestinal tract.

Demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barr-syndrome, are marked by motor weakness or sensory disturbance, or both, usually diagnosed by spinal fluid analysis or magnetic resonance imaging. Visual disturbance, including blindness, is common as well. In regions of disease activity, the blood brain barrier may be impaired.

Skin hypersensitivity reactions, otherwise known as contact dermatitis, are marked by external signs of tissue irritation such as localized redness, swelling, and pruritis. Virtually any substance may produce the condition, and it is one of the most common complaints diagnosed by dermatologists.

Psoriasis is also one of the most common dermatologic diseases, affecting 1 to 2 percent of people. The most common areas of involvement are the elbows, knees, gluteal cleft, and the scalp. In active lesions of psoriasis, the rate of epidermal cell replications is accelerated. Long-term use of topical glucocorticoids is often accompanied by loss of effectiveness.

Cardiovascular disease refers to both disorders of blood vessel lumen narrowing as well as to resultant ischemic syndromes of the target organs they supply, such as heart, kidney, and brain. Ischemia, or reduced blood supply, results from the narrowing of a blood vessel. The signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease include, among others, angina pectoris, weakness, dyspnea, transient ischemic attacks, stroke, and renal insufficiency. Diagnosis is based on clinical grounds in conjunction with ancilliary diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms, echography, and angiography. Atherosclerosis is a common element in cardiovasular disease in which narrowing of the blood vessel lumen is due to scar-like plaques formed from reactive, migrating, and proliferating cells and from local incorporation of blood fat, cholesterol, and lipoprotein. Of particular significance in this respect is the accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which may be accelerated when damaged by oxidation. Plaques are considered to be the sites for both acute and chronic stenotic lesions, wherein the risk of tissue ischemia rises.

Stenotic or narrowing lesions of blood vessels occur not only in atherosclerosis but in other systemic cardiovascular disorders as well. Among these are arterial hypertension, vasculitides, including the vasculitis associated with transplanted organs, and coagulative disorders. Many of these disorders, particularly hypertension, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis occur concommitantly in the same patient.

Reperfusion injury and ischemia/reperfusion injury refers to the tissue injury and initiation of necrosis following the resumption of blood flow to a previously ischemic tissue. This phenomenon is recognized as an important component of ischemic and post-ischemic types of injury, particularly to brain and heart tissue, for example, cerebral ischemia-induced injury. One pathophysiological mechanism, which predominates in reperfusion is the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species, otherwise known as oxidative damage or free radial injury. Nitric oxide and its radicals are also implicated in the pathophysiology. The production of these noxious chemical species is attributed to the local accumulation, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes at the lesion site.

Invasive medical procedures, such as catheterization of arteries or veins or open surgery are frequently associated with tissue ischemia due to blood vessel injury as well as to reperfusion injury, both of which may arise in the course of an invasive procedure. Thus preservation of blood vessel potency and prevention of reperfusion injury are the subject of intense investigation in medical science. Such procedures are performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and adjuvant drugs are commonly prescribed to prevent complications of blood vessel injury or restenosis. Formation of these lesions involves a multiplicity of participants, including coagulative elements of the blood, blood cells, and the structural elements and cells of the blood vessel lumen wall. For example, arterial restenosis appearing after successful balloon angioplasty is frequently due to the narrowing of the inner diameter of the artery by the growth (proliferation) of smooth muscle cells in the areas of irritation caused by the balloon angioplasty. This new stenotic lesion may be comprised from other cell types as well, including leukocytes, accumulating at the lesion site through processes of migration and local proliferation. The two events (cell migration and proliferation) are almost certainly due to the coordinated interaction of a number of different cytokines likely released by early accumulation of macrophages at the site of original tissue injury. Thus leukocytes contribute to stenotic lesion formation through the processes of migration, local proliferation, passage through endothelial barriers, accumulation of cholesterol-rich lipoprotein, conversion to foam cells, and secretion of cytokines. This proliferation of cells and narrowing of the vascular lumen is not however restricted or limited to the coronary arteries or cerebral circulation. It can also occur post-operatively causing restenosis in, for example, peripheral vascular systems.

In the context of the present invention, the term cardiovascular disease refers to blood vessel lumen narrowing arising in the course of atherosclerosis, vasculitis, invasive procedures, particularly catheterization of an artery or vein, and the ischemic syndromes associated with them.

Transplantation of tissue, grafts, and organs is frequently complicated by the appearance of host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host disease, both of which may occur acutely or chronically in the recipient of the graft. The source of the graft may be allogeneic (from the same species) or xenogeneic (from another species). Whether as complication due to the induced hyperactive immune response, or through another mechanism, vasculitis remains a frequently encountered complication of tissue transplantation procedures. Moreover, vascular damage due to reperfusion injury is considered to be a major factor in the post-surgical malfunctioning of tissue and organ transplants.

Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the change in clinical state of the subject is attributed to aberrant cellular and/or humoral immune responses. The most common autoimmune diseases in the U.S. are juvenile diabetes, Hashimoto's and Grave's thryroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, chronic active hepatitis, vitaligo, glomerulonephritis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosis, and pemphigus.

Hyper-proliferative cellular disorders, such as cancer cells arising at primary organ sites or at other loci of spread (metastases), are one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. Cancers are frequently highly resistant to all forms of treatment including therapy with potent anti-proliferative drugs and radiation. Increasingly the medical community is becoming aware of the critical role played by the vasculature associated with both the primary and metastatic forms of disease. Like any cell cluster, cancer cells are dependent upon a reliable blood supply and in fact, cancer cells are known to encourage the process of de novo vascularization through elaboration of growth factors, which act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells to form new blood vessels, thus supplying the cancerous growth.

Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells to ectopic sites, is frequently a vasculature dependent process as well, often referred to as hematogenous spread. The physiological barrier imposed by the blood vessel wall, comprised from elements such as endothelial cells and basement membrane substance, is normally highly selective to the passage of cells. However, metastatic cells abrogate this barrier, employing a variety of mechanisms, some of which have been established in the scientific literature. For example, such abnormal cells produce hydrolytic enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix and associated components of the vascular barrier, such as collagenase, heparinase, and hyaluronidase. Thus a critical factor in the metastatic process is the ability of cancer cells to intrude through or permeate the wall of the blood vessel lumen, thus arriving to invade a new tissue site after travel through the circulation. Cancer cells also elaborate messenger chemicals, known as cytokines and chemokines, which enable the metastatic process, from many aspects, including angiogenesis.

Cellular elaboration of cytokines and chemokines serve an important regulatory function in health; however, when a hyperactive response to stress or disease is triggered, these compounds may present in excess and damage tissue, thereby pushing the disease state toward further deterioration. Cytokine overproduction is involved in numerous diseases, such as sepsis, airway and lung injury, renal failure, transplant rejection, skin injuries, intestine injuries, cancer development and metastasis, central nervous system disorders, vaginal bacterial infection, and more. Two examples in which this occurs are systemic infection, in particular when due to blood born bacteria (septicemia), and in the pulmonary condition known as acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In ARDS, lung spaces fill with fluid, impeding gas exchange and producing respiratory failure. Although platelet aggregation occurs, the major offenders appear to be monocytic phagocytes and leukocytes that adhere to endothelial surfaces and undergo a respiratory burst to inflict oxidant injury and release chemokines such as Gro α, ENA-78, CX3X and MCP-1, in addition to leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins. The monocytic phagocytes, mainly macrophages in the alveoli and those lining the vasculature, also release oxidants, mediators, and a series of degradative enzymes that directly damage endothelial cells and cause leukocytes to release their lysosomal enzymes. The mortality rate is over 50%. The most common causes of ARDS are infection, aspiration, smoke and toxin inhalation, as well as systemic processes initiated outside the lung, including bacterial septicemia. The sepsis syndrome and shock are triggered by the interactions of various microbial products in the blood, in particular, gram-negative endotoxins, with host mediator systems. The incidence is estimated to be up to 500,000 cases per year in the U.S. alone, a Fig. which is considered to rise due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms. A variety of host mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of septicemia and septic shock (referred to collectively herein as sepsis) including factors released from stimulated cells, in particular, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), Gro α, ENA-78, CX3X and MCP-1, NFκβ transcription factor, lysosomal enzymes and oxidants from leukocytes, and products of the metabolism of arachidonic acid, among others.

Red blood cell lysis, or hemolysis, may be an inherited or acquired disorder, giving rise to anemia, iron deficiency, or jaundice. Among the acquired syndromes are membrane anomalies due to direct toxic effects of snake bites or of infectious agents, including viral, bacterial and parasitic etiologies, particularly malaria; exposure to oxidizing substances through ingestion or disease; or as a result of mechanical trauma within abnormal blood vessels. This latter condition, known as microangiopathic hemolysis, is considered to be related in mechanism to the hemolysis produced from blood passage through prosthetic implants, such as heart valves. Inherited red blood cell membrane fragility often occurs due to intracorpuscular enzyme and structural defects, such as glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and thalessemia. Red blood cell lysis is one of the limiting factors in the storage life of blood products, particularly when subjected to free-radical forming photodynamic virocidal treatments, such as γ-irradiation.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is considered to be a rapidly growing global epidemic and one route of spread is through contaminated blood products. Transmission and progression of this disease is dependent upon the infective activity of the human immunodeficiency virus. Current therapies are limited primarily to the administration of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, drugs of high expense and low patient tolerability. HIV-associated dementia, is often an associated complication.

Oxidative injury refers to the effect of peroxidation and free radical production on body tissues. To some extent, peroxide production is a normal, physiological process, attributed, for example, a role in immune defense. However, in stress and disease states, or over the natural course of time, as in physiological senesence, the accumulative addition of these unstable chemical moieties to tissue structures, including membrane components and blood proteins, leads to an irreversible pattern of injury. Agents that act as anti-oxidants can protect against oxidative damage. Such protection has been the subject of numerous scientific publications.

Intracellular bacterial parasites are one of the most prevelant forms of sexually transmitted disease and are frequently intractable to conventional antibiotic therapy. Vaginal infection with chlamydia species is a salient example.

Infection of the central nervous system, such as, for example, in meningitis, or encephalomyelitis, is often accompanied by an inflammatory response, which is destructive to the tissue. Such scenarios benefit, in one embodiment, by the treatment methods of this invention.

In other embodiments, this invention provides for methods of treatment of the following diseases or disorders, including, inter-alia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, pain, Huntington's disease (HD), myasthenia gravis (MG), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), stroke, traumatic brain injury or age-related retinal degeneration.

In other embodiments, this invention provides for methods of treatment of diseases and disorders related to degenerative or atrophic conditions, which may include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases and cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases or disorders in the central and peripheral nervous system.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treatment of central nervous system damage as a result of an inflammatory response. The phrase “central nervous system damage” or “CNS damage” refers, in some embodiments, to the result of a disease process or injury that is characterized by destruction of, or harm to, cells of the brain or the spinal cord, such that the normal motor and sensory control function of the brain or spinal cord is disrupted. CNS damage shall be understood to encompass, for example, the result of an acute traumatic break or injury of the spine that completely or partially severs the spinal cord, the result of a stroke, the result of chronic disease such as multiple sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and neurodegeneration of aging, and the result of cancerous tumors forming within the central nervous system. A subject suffering from CNS damage is deemed to also be suffering from at least a partial disruption of motor or of sensory function, or of both motor and sensory function as a result of the CNS damage.

As used interchangeably herein, the terms “spinal cord injury” or “SCI” refer to a specific instance of CNS damage characterized by complete or partial destruction of the spinal cord at one or more sites, which may result from acute trauma to the spine or from a disease process.

As described hereinbelow, the methods of this invention may be used to treat such damage to the nervous system, and may be effective in some embodiments, in evoking patterned movement in a subject suffering from CNS damage, such as a motor complete subject, at least partially restoring previously lost CNS function and regenerating neural cells in or around a site of CNS damage, in other embodiments. In other embodiments, the methods of this invention, and compositions/compounds used thereof, at least partially restore motor and sensory function in individuals suffering from CNS damage, and may, in other embodiments, be useful in those individuals with such extensive CNS damage that recovery of any function requiring the activity of the lost or damaged neurons was previously thought impossible.

In one embodiment, the present invention offers methods for the treatment of disease based upon administration of lipids covalently conjugated through their polar head group to a physiologically acceptable chemical moiety, which may be of high or low molecular weight.

In one embodiment, the lipids covalently conjugated to the physiologically acceptable chemical moiety are phospholipids.

In one embodiment, the lipid conjugates of the present invention comprise a lipid or phospholipid moiety, which is bonded directly to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, via an amide or esteric linkage. In another embodiment, the lipid conjugates of the present invention comprise a lipid or phospholipid moiety, which is bonded indirectly to the physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, via a spacer group Y, wherein the linkage between said lipid or phospholipid moiety and Y, and the linkage between Y and said physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer are amide or esteric linkages, wherein Y ranges in length from 2 to 30 atoms.

In one embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X, wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (II):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (III):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, inositol, choline, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (IV):

-   -   wherein     -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (V):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VI):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (VIII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, the conjugate is represented by the general structure of formula (IX):

In one embodiment, the lipid compounds (Lipid-conjugates) of the present invention are described by the general formula: [phosphatidylethanolainine-Y]n-X [phosphatidylserine-Y]n-X [phosphatidylcholine-Y]n-X [phosphatidylinositol-Y]n-X [phosphatidylglycerol-Y]n-X [phosphatidic acid-Y]n-X [lyso-phospholipid-Y]n-X [diacyl-glycerol-Y]n-X [monoacyl-glycerol-Y]n-X [sphingomyelin-Y]n-X [sphingosine-Y]n-X [ceramide-Y]n-X wherein

-   -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms; and     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n, the number of lipid molecules bound to X, is a number from 1         to 1000.

In one embodiment of this invention, n is a number from 1 to 1000. In another embodiment, n is a number from 1 to 500. In another embodiment, n is a number from 1 to 100. In another embodiment, n is a number from 100 to 300. In another embodiment, n is a number from 300 to 500. In another embodiment, n is a number from 500 to 800.

In one embodiment, the lipid compounds of this invention, referred to herein, in another embodiment, as lipid conjugates (Lipid-conjugates) possess a combination of multiple and potent pharmacological effects in addition to the ability to inhibit the extracellular form of the enzyme phospholipase A2. In one embodiment, compounds comprising phosphatidylethanolamine covalently bound, via amide or esteric linkage to a physiologically acceptable monomer or polymer, is referred to herein as the PE-conjugates. In another embodiment, this invention provides for the use of related derivatives, in which either phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylglycerol are employed in lieu of phosphatidylethanolamine, as the lipid moiety conjugated. In one embodiment, such substitution provides equivalent therapeutic results, such as those exemplified hereinunder. In another embodiment, this invention provides for other lipid-conjugates wherein at least one of the fatty acid groups of the lipid moieties at position C1 or C2 of the glycerol backbone are substituted by a long chain alkyl group attached in either ether or alkyl bonds, rather than ester linkage.

In one embodiment of this invention, the conjugates may contain between one to one thousand lipid moieties bound to a single physiologically acceptable polymer molecule.

Administration of the Lipid-conjugates in a diversity of animal and cell models of disease invokes remarkable, and unexpected, cytoprotective effects, which are useful in the treatment of disease. They are able to, in some embodiments of this invention, stabilize biological membranes; inhibit cell proliferation; suppress free radical production; suppress nitric oxide production; reduce cell migration across biological barriers; influence chemokine levels, including MCP-1, ENA-78, Gro α, and CX3C; affect gene transcription, modify the expression of MHC antigens; bind directly to cell membranes and change the water structure at the cell surface; inhibit the uptake of oxidized lipoprotein; prevent airway smooth muscle constriction; suppress neurotransmitter release; reduce expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); modify expression of transcription factors such as NFκB; inhibit extracellular degradative enzymes, including collagenase, heparinase, hyaluronidase, in addition to that of PLA2; inhibit viral infection of leukocytes, or a combination thereof.

In other embodiments, the lipid-conjugates provide cytoprotective effects to an organism suffering from a disease, where pathophysiological mechanisms of tissue damage may comprise oxidation insult giving rise to membrane fragility; hyperproliferation behavior of cells giving rise to stenotic plaque formation in vascular tissue, angiogenesis and benign or malignant cancer disease, or psoriasis; aberrant cell migration giving rise to brain injury or tumor cell metastases; excessive expression of chemokines and cytokines associated with central nervous system (CNS) insult, sepsis, ARDS, or immunological disease; cell membrane damage giving rise to CNS insult, CVS disease, or hemolysis; peroxidation of blood proteins and cell membranes giving rise to atherosclerosis or reperfusion injury; excessive nitric oxide production giving rise to, CNS insult, reperfusion injury, and septic shock; interaction with major histocompatability antigens (MHC) associated with autoimmune diseases alloimmune syndromes, such as transplant rejection, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the useful pharmacological properties of the lipid or Lipid-conjugates may be applied for clinical use, and disclosed herein as methods for treatment of a disease. The biological basis of these methods may be readily demonstrated by standard cellular and animal models of disease as described below.

While pharmacological activity of the Lipid-conjugates described herein may be due in part to the nature of the lipid moiety, the multiple and diverse combination of pharmacological properties observed for the Lipid-conjugates emerges ability of the compound structure to act essentially as several different drugs in one chemical entity. Thus, for example, internal mucosal injury, as may occur in colitis or Crohn's disease, may be attenuated by any one or all of the pharmaceutical activities of immune suppression, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, nitric oxide production, or membrane stabilization. Protection of blood vessels from periluminal damage, as may occur in atherosclerosis, may entail activity from anti-proliferative, anti-chemokine, antioxidant, or antimigratory effects. Treatment of obstructive respiratory disease may involve any one of the many activities of the Lipid-conjugates ranging from suppression of nitric oxide, anti-chemokine, anti-proliferative, or membrane stabilization effects.

Proliferation of vascular tissue is an element of both the atherogenesis of sclerotic plaques as well as a feature of primary and metastatic cancer lesion growth. Stabilization of biological membranes may prevent hemolysis as well as mucosal bowel injury. Attenuation of chemokine levels may ameliorate ARDS as well as militate against atherogenesis. Anti-oxidant activity protects may protect against reperfusion injury and ischemia/reperfusion injury as well as CNS insult, atherosclerosis, and hemolysis. These and other advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the following description.

The use of a single chemical entity with potent anti-oxidant, membrane-stabilizing, anti-proliferative, anti-chemokine, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory activity provides increased cytoprotection relative to the use of several different agents each with a singular activity. The use of a single agent having multiple activities over a combination or plurality of different agents provides uniform delivery of an active molecule, thereby simplifying issues of drug metabolism, toxicity and delivery. The compounds of the present invention also exhibit properties present only in the combined molecule, not in the individual components.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be used for acute treatment of temporary conditions, or may be administered chronically, especially in the case of progressive, recurrent, or degenerative disease. In one embodiment of the invention, the concentrations of the compounds will depend on various factors, including the nature of the condition to be treated, the condition of the patient, the route of administration and the individual tolerability of the compositions.

In another embodiment, this invention provides low-molecular weight Lipid-conjugates, which, in another embodiment, may be represented by the general formula: [Phosphatidylethanolamine-Y]n-X [Phosphatidylserine-Y]n-X [Phosphatidylcholine-Y]n-X [Phosphatidylinositol-Y]n-X [Phosphatidylglycerol-Y]n-X [Phosphatidic acid-Y]n-X [lyso-phospholipid-Y]n-X [diacyl-glycerol-Y]n-X [monoacyl-glycerol-Y]n-X [sphingomyelin-Y]n-X [sphingosine-Y]n-X [ceramide-Y]n-X wherein

-   -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms; and     -   X is salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin, a monosaccharide,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, carboxylic         acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric         acid, succinic acid, fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic         acid, bile acid, cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a         dipeptide, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, an oligosaccharide,         an oligopeptide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer unit of         heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, chondroitin,         chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatin, dermatan         sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan,         polygeline (‘haemaccel’), alginate, hydroxyethyl starch         (hetastarch), polyethylene glycol, polycarboxylated polyethylene         glycol, chondroitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, keratin,         keratin sulfate, heparan sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate,         carboxymethylcellulose, heparin, dextran, or hyaluronic acid;         and     -   n, the number of lipid molecules bound to X, is a number from 1         to 1000.

In one embodiment of this invention, n is a number from 1 to 1000. In another embodiment, n is a number from 1 to 500. In another embodiment, n is a number from 1 to 100. In another embodiment, n is a number from 100 to 300. In another embodiment, n is a number from 300 to 500. In another embodiment, n is a number from 500 to 800.

In another embodiment of the invention, these Lipid-conjugate derivatives possess wide-spectrum pharmacological activity and, as pharmaceutical agents administered to treat disease, are considered analogous to the Lipid-conjugates comprised from high molecular weight polymers. Other lipid-conjugate derivatives relevant to this invention are glycerolipid moieties in which at least one of the two long chain alkyl groups in position C1 and C2 of the glycerol backbone are attached in ether or alkyl bonds, rather than ester linkage.

The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples of the therapeutic Lipid-conjugate compounds, their chemical preparation, their anti-disease activity, and methods of use as pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of disease.

Some Embodiments of the Compounds of this Invention

According to some embodiments of the invention, as part of the methods of this invention, the Lipid-conjugates administered to a subject are comprised of at least one lipid moiety covalently bound through an atom of the polar head group to a monomer or polymeric moiety (referred to herein as the conjugated moiety) of either low or high molecular weight. When desired, an optional bridging moiety can be used to link the Lipid-conjugates moiety to the monomer or polymeric moiety. In one embodiment, the linkage is an amide or esteric linkage.

The conjugated moiety may be a low molecular weight carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, fatty acid, dicarboxylic fatty acid, acetyl salicylic acid, cholic acid, cholesterylhemisuccinate, or mono- or di-saccharide, an amino acid or dipeptide, an oligopeptide, a glycoprotein mixture, a di- or trisaccharide monomer unit of a glycosaminoglycan such as a repeating unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondrotin-sulfate, dermatan, keratan sulfate, or a higher molecular weight peptide or oligopeptide, a polysaccharide, polyglycan, protein, glycosaminoglycan, or a glycoprotein mixture. From a composition aspect, phospholipid-conjugates of high molecular weight, and associated analogues, are the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817, as well as the publications cited herein.

In one embodiment of the invention, when the conjugated carrier moiety is a polymer, the ratio of lipid moieties covalently bound may range from one to one thousand lipid residues per polymer molecule, depending upon the nature of the polymer and the reaction conditions employed. For example, the relative quantities of the starting materials, or the extent of the reaction time, may be modified in order to obtain Lipid-conjugate products with either high or low ratios of lipid residues per polymer, as desired.

The term “moiety” means a chemical entity otherwise corresponding to a chemical compound, which has a valence satisfied by a covalent bond.

Examples of polymers which can be employed as the conjugated moiety for producing Lipid-conjugates for use in the methods of this invention may be physiologically acceptable polymers, including water-dispersible or -soluble polymers of various molecular weights and diverse chemical types, mainly natural and synthestic polymers, such as glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparin sulfate, chondrdtin sulfate, chondrotin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatin, sulfate, plasma expanders, including polygeline (“Haemaccel”, degraded gelatin polypeptide crosslinked via urea bridges, produced by “Behring”), “hydroxyethylstarch” (Htastarch, HES) and extrans, food and drug additives, soluble cellulose derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose), polyaminoacids, hydrocarbon polymers (e.g., polyethylene), polystyrenes, polyesters, polyamides, polyethylene oxides (e.g. polyethyleneglycols, polycarboxyethyleneglycol), polyvinnylpyrrolidones, polysaccharides, alginates, assimilable gums (e.g., xanthan gum), peptides, injectable blood proteins (e.g., serum albumin), cyclodextrin, and derivatives thereof.

Examples of monomers, dimers, and oligomers which can be employed as the conjugated moiety for producing Lipid-conjugates for use in the methods of the invention may be mono- or disaccharides, carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, fatty acid, dicarboxylic fatty acid, acetyl salicylic acid, cholic acid, cholesterylhemisuccinate, and di- and trisaccharide unit monomers of glycosaminoglycans including heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondrotin, chondroitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, or dextran.

In some cases, according to embodiments of the invention, the monomer or polymer chosen for preparation of the Lipid-conjugate may in itself have select biological properties. For example, both heparin and hyaluronic acid are materials with known physiological functions. In the present invention, however, the Lipid-conjugates formed from these substances as starting materials display a new and wider set of pharmaceutical activities than would be predicted from administration of either heparin or hyaluronic acid which have not been bound by covalent linkage to a phospholipid. It can be shown, by standard comparative experiments as described below, that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) linked to carboxymethylcellulose (referred to as CMPE, CMC-Peor CME), to hyaluronic acid (referred to as HYPE, HyPE, and Hyal-PE), to heparin (referred to as HEPPE, HepPE, HePPE, Hepa-PE), to chondroitine sulfate A (referred to as CSAPE, CsaPE, CsAPE), to Polygeline (haemaccel) (referred to HemPE, HEMPE), or to hydroxyethylstarch (referred to as HesPE, HESPE), are far superior in terms of potency and range of useful pharmaceutical activity to the free conjugates (the polymers above and the like). In fact, these latter substances are, in general, not considered useful in methods for treatment of most of the diseases described herein, and for those particular cases wherein their use is medically prescribed, such as ischemic vascular disease, the concentrations for their use as drugs are are several orders of magnitude higher. Thus, the combination of a phospholipid such as phosphatidylethanolamine, or related phospholipids which differ with regard to the polar head group, such as phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), results in the formation of a compound which has novel pharmacological properties when compared to the starting materials alone.

The biologically active lipid conjugates described herein can have a wide range of molecular weight, e.g., above 50,000 (up to a few hundred thousands) when it is desirable to retain the Lipid conjugate in the vascular system and below 50,000 when targeting to extravascular systems is desirable. The sole limitation on the molecular weight and the chemical structure of the conjugated moiety is that it does not result in a Lipid-conjugate devoid of the desired biological activity, or lead to chemical or physiological instability to the extent that the Lipid-conjugate is rendered useless as a drug in the method of use described herein.

In one embodiment of the invention, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugates are defined herein as compounds of the formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X, wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Preferred compounds for use in the methods of the invention comprise one of the following as the conjugated moiety X: acetate, butyrate, glutarate, succinate, dodecanoate, didodecanoate, maltose, lactobionic acid, dextran, alginate, aspirin, cholate, cholesterylhemisuccinate, carboxymethyl-cellulose, heparin, hyaluronic acid, polygeline (haemaccel), polyethyleneglycol, and polycarboxylated polyethylene glycol. The polymers used as starting material to prepare the PE-conjugates may vary in molecular weight from 1 to 2,000 kDa.

Examples of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) moieties are analogues of the phospholipid in which the chain length of the two fatty acid groups attached to the glycerol backbone of the phospholipid varies from 2-30 carbon atoms length, and in which these fatty acids chains contain saturated and/or unsaturated carbon atoms. In lieu of fatty acid chains, alkyl chains attached directly or via an ether linkage to the glycerol backbone of the phospholipid are included as analogues of PE. According to the present invention, a most preferred PE moiety is dipalmitoylphosphatidy-ethanolamine.

Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and its analogues may be from various sources, including natural, synthetic, and semisynthetic derivatives and their isomers.

Phospholipids which can be employed in lieu of the PE moiety are N-methyl-PE derivatives and their analogues, linked through the amino group of the N-methyl-PE by a covalent bond; N,N-dimethyl-PE derivatives and their analogues linked through the amino group of the N,N-dimethyl-PE by a covalent bond, phosphatidylserine (PS) and its analogues, such as palmitoyl-stearoyl-PS, natural PS from various sources, semisynthetic PSs, synthetic, natural and artifactual PSs and their isomers. Other phospholipids useful as conjugated moieties in this invention are phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid and phosphoatidylglycerol (PG), as well as derivatives thereof comprising either phospholipids, lysophospholipids, phosphatidyic acid, sphingomyelins, lysosphingomyelins, ceramide, and sphingosine.

For PE-conjugates and PS-conjugates, the phospholipid is linked to the conjugated monomer or polymer moiety through the nitrogen atom of the phospholipid polar head group, either directly or via a spacer group. For PC, PI, and PG conjugates, the phospholipid is linked to the conjugated monomer or polymer moiety through either the nitrogen or one of the oxygen atoms of the polar head group, either directly or via a spacer group.

In one embodiment of the invention, phosphatidylserine (PS)-conjugates are defined herein as compounds of the formula (II):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment of the invention, phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid and Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) conjugates are herein defined as compounds of the general formula (III):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, inositol, choline, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Examples of suitable divalent groups forming the optional bridging group Y are straight- or branched-chain alkylene, e.g., of 2 or more, preferably 4 to 30 carbon atoms, —CO-alkylene-CO, —NH-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-NH—, cycloalkylene, wherein alkylene in each instance, is straight or branched chain and contains 2 or more, preferably 2 to 30 atoms in the chain, —(—O—CH(CH₃)CH₂—)_(x)— wherein x is an integer of 1 or more.

In addition to the traditional phospholipid structure, related derivatives for use in this invention are phospholipids modified at the C1 or C2 position to contain an ether or alkyl bond instead of an ester bond. In one embodiment of the invention, the alkyl phospholipid derivatives and ether phospholipid derivatives are exemplified by the general formula (IV):

or general formula (V):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is eithernothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Additional related derivatives for use according to embodiments of this invention are exemplified by the general formula (VI):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Additional related derivatives for use according to embodiments of this invention are exemplified by the general formula (VII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Additional related derivatives for use according to embodiments of this invention are exemplified by the general formula (VIII):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment, the invention also provides a compound according to the formula (IX):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either choline, phosphate, inositol, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer or         polymer; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Illustrative of preferred Lipid-conjugates for use in the methods according to embodiments of this invention are those in which the PL moiety is linked directly or indirectly through a bridging moiety listed below.

phospholipid spacer polymer (m.w.) abbreviation PE Dicarboxylic acid + Diamine Polygeline (haemaccel) HeMPE; HemPE (4–40 kDa) PE None Carboxymethylcellulose CMPE; CMC- (20–500 kDa) PE PE None Hyaluronic acid HYPE (HyPE) (2–2000 kDa) PE Dipalmitoic acid Hyaluronic acid HYPE- (2–2000 kDa) dipalmitoyl PE None Polyethylene glycol PE Y Hydroxyethylstarch HESPE; HesPE PE Dicarboxylic acid + Diamine Dextran DexPE (1–2,000 kDa) PE None Dextran DexPE (1–2,000 kDa) PE None Albumin PE None Alginate (2–2000 kDa) PE None Polyaminoacid PE None Lactobionic acid PE None Acetylsalicylate PE None Cholesteryl- hemmisuccinate PE None Maltose PE Y None Cholic acid PE None Polycarboxylated polyethylene glycol PE None Heparin HEPPE; HEPE; (0.5–110 kDa) HepPE Dimyristoyl-PE Y Variable DMPE Dimyristoyl-PE Y Hyaluronic acid HyDMPE PS Y Polygeline (haemaccel) PS Y Heparin PS Y Hyaluronic acid PC Y Polygeline (haemaccel) PC Y Heparin PC Y Hyaluronic acid PI Y Polygeline (haemaccel) PI Y Heparin PI Y Hyaluronic acid PG Y Polygeline (haemaccel) PG Y Heparin PE Y Chondoitin sulfates CSPE PE Y Polygeline (haemaccel) PG Y Hyaluronic acid

In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds administered are HyPE, CSAPE, CMPE, HemPE, HesPE, DexPE and As-PE. and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or solvent. These polymers, when chosen as the conjugated moiety, may vary in molecular weights from 200 to 2,000,000 Daltons. Various molecular weight species have been shown to have the desired biological efficacy, as shown in the section below.

In addition to the compounds of the Examples, further illustrative compounds of this invention are set forth in the section below.

Some Embodiments of Compounds of the Invention

Low molecular weight Lipid-conjugates, in which the conjugated moiety is a monomer such as a salicylate, a bile acid, or cholesterylhemmisuccinate, or a di- or trisaccaharide unit monomer of a polyglycosoaminoglycan such as heparin, heparan sulfate, chondrotin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin, keratan sulfate, dermatin, or dermatan sulfate, encompass embodiments of this invention. According to embodiments of the invention, these new compounds display a similar biological activity profile as demonstrated below for the other Lipid-conjugates and have the general formula [Phosphatidylethanolamine-Y]_(n)—X [Phosphatidylserine-Y]_(n)—X [Phosphatidylcholine-Y]_(n)—X [Phosphatidylinositol-Y]_(n)—X [Phosphatidylglycerol-Y]_(n)—X [Phosphatidic acid-Y]_(n)—X [lyso-phospholipid-Y]_(n)—X [diacyl-glycerol-Y]_(n)—X [monoacyl-glycerol-Y]_(n)—X [sphingomyelin-Y]_(n)—X [sphingosine-Y]_(n)—X [ceramide-Y]_(n)—X wherein

-   -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisacharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment of this invention, low molecular weight phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugates are defined hereinabove as the compounds of formula (I) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisacharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment of this invention, low molecular weight phosphatidylserine (PS)-conjugates are defined hereinabove as the compounds of formula (II) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesteryihemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment of this invention, Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphatidylinositol (PI), and Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) conjugates are hereinabove defined as the compounds of formula (III) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is inositol, choline, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

Examples of suitable divalent groups forming the optional bridging group Y are straight- or branched-chain alkylene, e.g., of 2 or more, preferably 4 to 18 carbon atoms, —CO-alkylene-CO, —NH-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-NH—, cycloalkylene, wherein alkylene in each instance, is straight or branched chain and contains 2 or more, preferably 2 to 18 carbon atoms in the chain,

O—CH(CH₃)CH₂—)_(n)— wherein x is an integer of 1 or more, each of which represents an embodiment of this invention.

In another embodiment, in addition to the traditional phospholipid structure, related derivatives for use in this invention are phospholipids modified at the C1 or C2 position to contain an ether or alkyl bond instead of an ester bond. These derivatives are exemplified hereinabove by the general formulae (IV) and (V) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moity molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, related low molecular weight derivatives for use in this invention are exemplified hereinabove by the general formulae (VI), (VII) and (VIII) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or         glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, related low molecular weight derivatives for use in this invention are exemplified hereinabove by the general formulae (IX) wherein:

-   -   R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or         poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30         carbon atoms;     -   Z is either choline, phosphate, inositol, or glycerol;     -   Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2         to 30 atoms;     -   X is a mono- or disaccharide, carboxylated disaccharide, mono-         or dicarboxylic acids, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin,         lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, acetic acid,         butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid,         fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid,         cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, a di- or tripeptide, an         oligopeptide, a trisaccharide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer         unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate,         chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate,         dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; and     -   n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of         X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000.

In one embodiment of the invention, x is covalently conjugated to a lipid. In another embodiment, x is covalently conjugated to a lipid via an amide bond. In another embodiment, x is covalently conjugated to a lipid via an esteric bond. In another embodiment, the lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine. In another embodiment, the GAG may be, inter alia, chondroitin sulfate. In another embodiment, the conjugate is biodegradable.

In one embodiment, the invention provides glycosaminoglycans (GAG) compound covalently conjugated to a lipid to obtain a compound having preferred therapeutic properties. In another embodiment, the GAG compound is covalently conjugated to a lipid via an amide bond. In another embodiment, the GAG compound is covalently conjugated to a lipid via an esteric bond. In another embodiment, the lipid may be, inter alia, phosphatidylethanolamine. In another embodiment, the GAG may be, inter alia, chondroitin sulfate. In another embodiment, the conjugate is biodegradable.

Cell surface GAG play a key role in protecting cells from diverse damaging agents and processes, such as reactive oxygen species and free radicals, endotoxins, cytokines, invasion promoting enzymes, and agents that induce and/or facilitate degradation of extracellular matrix and basal membrane, cell invasiveness, white cell extravasation and infiltration, chemotaxis, and others. In addition, cell surface GAG protect cells from bacterial, viral and parasite infection, and their stripping exposes the cell to interaction and subsequent internalization of the microorganism. Enrichment of cell surface GAG would thus assist in protection of the cell from injurious processes. Thus, In one embodiment of the invention, PLA2 inhibitos were conjugated to GAGs or GAG-mimicking molecules. In another embodiment, these Lipid-conjugates, provides wide-range protection from diverse injurious processes, and are effective in amelioration of diseases that requires cell protection from injurous biochemical medistors.

In another embodiment, GAG-mimicking molecule may be, inter alia, a negatively charged molecule. In another embodiment, GAG-mimicking molecule may be, inter alia, a salicilate derivative. In another embodiment, GAG-mimicking molecule may be, inter alia, a dicarboxylic acid.

Preparation of Some of the Compounds of this Invention

The preparation of some high molecular weight Lipid-conjugates is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817, which is incorporated herein by reference. These synthetic methods are reiterated below and are considered to be applicable as well to the preparation of low molecular, i.e. Lipid-conjugates comprising monomers and dimers as the conjugated moiety, with modifications in the procedure as readily evident to one skilled in the art.

When the starting compound chosen for the conjugated moiety has a substituent which is or can be rendered reactive to a substituent on the starting Lipid compound, the conjugated carrier moiety may be linked directly to lipid molecule(s) to produce the a Lipid-conjugate. When it does not, a bifunctional linking starting material can be used to link the two molecules indirectly.

Lipid-conjugates are prepared by linking a polar conjugate, e.g., a monomer or polymer, directly or indirectly to a PL moiety according to the general reaction schemes delineated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817.

For example, with acylated PE used as precursor for the PE conjugate, various lengths of dicarboxylic acids can be used as spacers. These acids can be linked to natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic PE.

For example, PE can be linked to aminodextran indirectly as delineated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817.

Polymers with carboxylic groups, such as polyamino acids, carboxymethyl cellulose or polymers to which fatty acids have been linked, can be linked directly to PE according to the scheme delineated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817.

It is to be understood that these examples are given by way of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention either in spirit of in scope, as many modifications both in reagents and methods could be possible to those skilled in the art. Based on the wide spectrum of pharmacological properties exhibited by Lipid-conjugates, it is likely that compounds covered by Formula I-XI, in addition to those explicitly described above, have the same valuable biological activities demonstrate to be useful in the methods of treating disease described below.

Some of the Methods of Treating Disease Based on PL Conjugates

In one embodiment of the invention, the Lipid-conjugates described herein can be used to treat disease, through exerting at least one of their many pharmacological activities, among which are amelioration, or prevention, of tissue injury arising in the course of pathological disease states by stabilizing cell membranes; limiting oxidative damage to cell and blood components; limiting cell proliferation, cell extravasation and (tumor) cell migratory behavior; suppressing immune responses; or attenuating physiological reactions to stress, as expressed in elevated chemokine levels. The medicinal properties of these compounds are readily exemplified in using animal models of the particular disease in which it is desired to use the drug. The patients to whom the lipid or PL conjugates should be administered are those that are experiencing symptoms of disease or who are at risk of contracting the disease or experiencing a recurrent episode or exacerbation of the disease. The efficacy of these compounds in cellular and animal models of disease, are described below in the Examples section.

The combination of lipids, such as, but not limited to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, with additional monomer or polymer moieties, is thus a practical route to the production of new drugs for medical purposes, provided that the resultant chemical composition displays the desired range of pharmacological properties. In the cases described herein, the diversity of biological activities and the effectiveness in disease exhibited by the compounds far exceed the properties anticipated by use of the starting materials themselves, when administered alone or in combination. However, it is likely that the PL conjugate compounds, alone or in combination, will prove to be valuable drugs when adapted to methods of disease treatment other to those conditions specifically described herein.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with a disease related to chlamydia infection, a disorder of smooth muscle cell proliferation, metastatic cancer, obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, or another form of intestinal mucosal injury, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, central nervous system tissue insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cellular proliferative disorder, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, autoimmnune disease, hemolysis, HIV infection, or conjunctivitis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject requiring anti-oxidant therapy, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject requiring an anti-oxidant therapy.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method treating a subject requiring anti-TNF therapy, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject requiring an anti-TNF therapy.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a disorder of smooth muscle cell proliferation, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from a disorder related to smooth muscle cell proliferation.

In one embodiment, the invention-provides a method of treating a subject undergoing vascular catheterization, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject undergoing vascular catheterization.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from metastatic cancer, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from metastatic cancer.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from obstructive respiratory disease, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from obstructive respiratory disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from colitis, Crohn's disease, or another form of intestinal mucosal injury, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from intestinal mucosal injury, including colitis or Crohn's disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from cardiovascular disease, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from a cardiovascular disease.

The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from atherosclerosis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from central nervous system tissue insult, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from a central nervous system insult.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from multiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from contact dermatitis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from contact dermatitis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a of treating a subject suffering from psoriasis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from psoriasis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a cellular proliferative disorder, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from a cellular proliferative disorder.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from sepsis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from sepsis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from ARDS, comprising the steps of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from ARDS.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from autoimmune disease, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject-suffering from an autoimmune disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from hemolysis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from hemolysis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject undergoing tissue transplantation or allograft rejection, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject undergoing tissue transplantation or allograft rejection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with HIV infection, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject afflicted with HIV infection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with conjunctivitis, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject afflicted with conjunctivitis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for extracorporeal tissue preservation, including, inter alia, the step of adding to a tissue preparation or organ an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby extending the viability of the tissue preparation or organ within a donor subject.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with Chlamydia infection, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject afflicted suffering from Chlamydia infection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject requiring an anti-oxidant therapy.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject requiring an anti-TNF therapy.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from a disorder related to smooth muscle cell proliferation.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject undergoing vascular catheterization.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering form metastatic cancer.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from obstructive respiratory disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from intestinal mucosal injury, including, inter alia, colitis or Crohn's disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from a cardiovascular disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from central nervous system insult.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from contact dermatitis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from psoriasis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from a cellular proliferative disorder.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from sepsis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from ARDS.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from an autoimmune disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from hemolysis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject undergoing tissue transplantation or allograft rejection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject afflicted with HIV infection.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject afflicted with conjunctivitis.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for extending the viability of the tissue preparation or organ within a donor subject.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject afflicted with Chlamydia infection.

In one embodiment of the invention, the treatment requires controlling the expression production and activity of phospholipase enzymes. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling the production and/or action of lipid mediators. In another embodiment, the treatment requires amelioration of damage to glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling the production and action of oxidants, oxygen radicals and nitric oxide. In another embodiment, the treatment requires anti-oxidant therapy. In another embodiment, the treatment requires anti-endotoxin therapy. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling the expression, production or action of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules or interleukines. In another embodiment, the treatment requires protection of lipoproteins from damaging agents. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling the proliferation of cells. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling of angiogenesis and organ vascularization. In another embodiment, the treatment requires inhibition of invasion-promoting enzymes. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling of cell invasion. In another embodiment, the invading cells are white blood cells. In another embodiment, the invading cells are cancer cells. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling of white cell activation, adhesion or extravasation. In another embodiment, the treatment requires amelioration of ischemia or reperfusion injury. In another embodiment, the treatment requires inhibition of lymphocyte activation. In another embodiment, the treatment requires protection of blood brain barrier. In another embodiment, the treatment requires control of neurotransmitter production and action. In another embodiment, the treatment requires controlling of blood vessel and airway contraction. In another embodiment, the treatment requires extracorporeal tissue preservation.

In one embodiment of the invention, the lipid mediator is a glycerolipid. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is a phospholipid. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is sphingolipid. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is a sphingosine. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is ceramide. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is a fatty acid. In another embodiment, the fatty acid is arachidonic acid. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is an arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoid. In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is a platelet activating factor (PAF). In another embodiment, the lipid mediator is a lysophospholipid.

In one embodiment of the invention, the damaging agent is a phospholipase. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a reactive oxygen species (ROS). In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a free radical. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a lysophospholipid. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a fatty acid or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is hydrogen peroxide. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a phospholipid. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is an oxidant. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a cationic protein. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a streptolysin. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a protease. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a hemolysin. In another embodiment, the damaging agent is a sialidase.

In one embodiment of the invention, the invasion-promoting enzyme is collagenase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is matrix-metaloproteinase (MMP). In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is heparinase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is heparanase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is hyaluronidase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is gelatinase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is chondroitinase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is dermatanase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is keratanase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is protease. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is lyase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is hydrolase. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is a glycosaminoglycan degrading enzyme. In another embodiment, the invasion-promoting enzyme is a proteoglycan degrading enzyme.

In one embodiment of the invention, the physiologically acceptable monomer is salicylate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is salicylic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is aspirin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a monosaccharide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is lactobionic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is glucoronic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is maltose. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is an amino acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is glycine. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a carboxylic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is an acetic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a butyric acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a dicarboxylic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a glutaric acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is succinic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is a fatty acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is dodecanoic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is didodecanoic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is bile acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is cholic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable monomer is cholesterylhemmisuccinate.

In one embodiment of the invention, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is a dipeptide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is a disaccharide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is a trisaccharide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is an oligosaccharide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is an oligopeptide. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is a di- or trisaccharide monomer unit of glycosaminoglcans. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is hyaluronic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is heparin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is heparan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is keratin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is keratan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is chondroitin. In another embodiment, the chondroitin is chondoitin sulfate. In another embodiment, the chondroitin is chondoitin-4-sulfate. In another embodiment, the chondroitin is chondoitin-6-sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is dermatin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is dermatan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is dextran. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is polygeline (‘Haemaccel’). In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is alginate, In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is hydroxyethyl starch (Hetastarch). In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is ethylene glycol. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is carboxylated ethylene glycol.

In one embodiment of the invention, the physiologically acceptable polymer is a glycosaminoglycan. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is hyaluronic acid. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is heparin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is heparan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is chondroitin. In another embodiment, the chondroitin is chondoitin-4-sulfate. In another embodiment, the chondroitin is chondoitin-6-sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is keratin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is keratan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is dermatin. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is dermatan sulfate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is carboxymethylcellulose. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is dextran. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is polygeline (‘Haemaccel’). In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is alginate. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is hydroxyethyl starch (‘Hetastarch’). In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is polyethylene glycol. In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is polycarboxylated polyethylene glycol.

In one embodiment of the invention, the lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidic acid. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is an acyl glycerol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is monoacylglycerol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is diacylglycerol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is triacylglycerol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is sphingosine. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is sphingomyelin. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is ceramide. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylethanolamine. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylserine. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylcholine. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylinositol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylglycerol. In another embodiment, lipid or phospholipid moiety is an ether or alkyl phospholipid derivative thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with a disease, wherein the treatment of said disease requires controlling phospholipase A2 activities; controlling the production and/or action of lipid mediators, such as eicosanoids, platelet activating factor (PAF) and lyso-phospholipids; amelioration of damage to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans; controlling the production of oxygen radicals and nitric oxide; protection of cells, tissues, and plasma lipoproteins from damaging agents, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phospholipases; anti-oxidant therapy; anti-endotoxin therapy; controlling of cytokine, chemokine and interleukine production; controlling the proliferation of cells, including smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts; controlling of angiogenesis and organ vascularization; inhibition of invasion-promoting enzymes, such as collagenase, heparinase, heparanase and hyaluronidase; controlling of cell invasion; controlling of white cell activation, adhesion and extravasation; amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury, inhibition of lymphocyte activation; controlling of blood vessel and airway contraction; protection of blood brain barrier; controlling of neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine) production and action (e.g., acethylcholine); extracorporeal tissue preservation or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment of the invention, the term “controlling” refers to inhibiting the production and action of the above mentioned factors in order to maintain their activity at the normal basal level and suppress their activation in pathological conditions.

In one embodiment of the invention, the physiologically acceptable monomer is either a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin, a monosaccharide, lactobionic acid, maltose, an amino acid, glycine, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid, cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate; or wherein the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer is a dipeptide, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, an oligopeptide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer unit of heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, chondroitin, chondoitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, or hyaluronic acid; or wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer is a glycosaminoglycan, polygelin (‘haemaccel’), alginate, hydroxyethyl starch (hetastarch), polyethylene glycol, polycarboxylated polyethylene glycol, chondroitin-6-sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, keratin, keratin sulfate, heparan sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate, carboxymethylcellulose, heparin, dextran, or hyaluronic acid.

In one embodiment of the invention, the lipid moiety is either phosphatidic acid, an acyl glycerol, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, sphingosine, sphingomyelin, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, ceramide, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidylglycerol, or an ether or alkyl phospholipid derivative thereof, and the physiologically acceptable monomer or polymer moiety is either aspirin, lactobionic acid, maltose, glutaric acid, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, heparin, dextran, hemacell, hetastarch, or hyaluronic acid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides for use of a lipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject afflicted with obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, central nervous system insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, including prophylaxis for invasive procedures, invasive cellular proliferative disorders, anti-oxidant therapy, hemolytic syndromes, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tissue transplant rejection syndromes, autoimmune disease, viral infection, and hypersensitivity conjunctivitis.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides use of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for treating a subject afflicted with obstructive respiratory disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, central nervous system insult, multiple sclerosis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, including prophylaxis for invasive procedures, invasive cellular proliferative disorders, anti-oxidant therapy, hemolytic syndromes, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tissue transplant rejection syndromes, autoimmune disease, viral infection, or hypersensitivity conjunctivitis, wherein the composition is prepared for administration by topical, oral, nasal, aerosol, intravenous, intraocular, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, or suppository routes.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from an intestinal disease, including, inter alia, the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, thereby treating the subject suffering from an intestinal disease.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a use of a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer, in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject afflicted with an intestinal disease.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a disease involving the production and/or action of lipid mediators and/or impairment of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) functioning.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from an intestinal disease, including, inter alia, a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, the intestinal disease may be, inter alia, a disease involving the production and/or action of lipid mediators and/or impairment of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) functioning.

In one embodiment of the invention, the intestinal disease may be, inter alia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, immuno-inflammatory intestinal injury, drug-induced enteropathy, ischemia-induced intestinal injury or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment of the invention, the physiologically acceptable monomer may be, inter alia, a salicylate, salicylic acid, aspirin, a monosaccharide, lactobionic acid, glucoronic acid, maltose, amino acid, glycine, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, dicarboxylic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, fatty acid, dodecanoic acid, didodecanoic acid, bile acid, cholic acid, cholesterylhemmisuccinate, or wherein the physiologically acceptable dimer or oligomer may be, inter alia, a dipeptide, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, an oligosaccharide, an oligopeptide, or a di- or trisaccharide monomer unit of glycosaminoglcans, hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondoitin-6-sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate, dextran, polygeline, alginate, hydroxyethyl starch, ethylene glycol, or carboxylated ethylene glycol, or wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer may be, inter alia, a glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, dermatin, dermatan sulfate, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polygeline, alginate, hydroxyethyl starch, polyethylene glycol or polycarboxylated polyethylene glycol.

In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer may be, inter alia, hyaluronic acid.

In another embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer may be, inter alia, chondroitin sulfate.

In one embodiment of the invention, the lipid or phospholipid moiety may be, inter alia, phosphatidic acid, an acyl glycerol, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, sphingosine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, or an ether or alkyl phospholipid derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, the phospholipid moiety may be, inter alia, phosphatidylethanolamine.

Some Embodiments of Dosages and Routes of Administration

The methods of this invention can be adapted, in other embodiments, for use of the compositions comprising Lipid-conjugates in admixture with conventional excipients, i.e. pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for parenteral, enteral (e.g., oral) or topical application which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include but are not limited to water, salt solutions, alcohols, gum arabic, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatine, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, white paraffin, glycerol, alginates, hyaluronic acid, collagen, perfume oil, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, hydroxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc. The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. They can also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., vitamins.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from sepsis, comprising a lipid or phospholipid moiety bonded to a physiologically acceptable monomer, dimer, oligomer, or polymer; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In addition to the exemplified use of PL conjugates in subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or topical administration, other routes of administration, or combinations with other pharmaceutical preparations, are to be considered as part of this invention. The route of administration (e.g., topical, parenteral, enteral, intravenous, vaginal, inhalation, nasal aspiration (spray), supository or oral) and the dosage regimen will be determined by skilled clinicians, based on factors such as exact nature of the condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the age and general physical condition of the patient, and so on.

In general, the doses utilized for the above-described purposes will vary, but will be in an effective amount to exert the desired anti-disease effect. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound of s invention, including in some embodiments, compounds corresponding to the formulae I-IX, which will produce the desired alleviation in symptoms or signs of disease in a patient. The doses utilized for any of the above-described purposes will generally be from 1 to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg), administered one to four times per day, or by continuous IV infusion. When the compositions are dosed topically, they will generally be in a concentration range of from 0.1 to about 10% w/v, administered 1-4 times per day.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers, in other embodiments, to any formulation, which is safe, and provides the appropriate delivery for the desired route of administration of an effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention. As such, all of the above-described formulations of the present invention are hereby referred to as “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.” This term refers to, in other embodiments, the use of buffered formulations wherein the pH is maintained at a particular desired value, ranging from pH 4.0 to pH 9.0, in accordance with the stability of the compounds and route of administration.

For parenteral application, in other embodiments, suitable applications are injectable, sterile solutions, such as oily or aqueous solutions, as well as suspensions, emulsions, or implants, suppositories, or such as will be known to one skilled in the art. Ampoules are convenient unit dosages, and represent another embodiment of the invention.

For application by inhalation, in other embodiments, for treatment of airway obstruction or congestion, solutions or suspensions of the compounds mixed and aerosolized or nebulized in the presence of the appropriate carrier suitable.

For topical application, in other embodiments, for the treatment of skin diseases such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis, admixture of the compounds with conventional creams or delayed release patches is acceptable.

For enteral application, in other embodiments, suitable applications may comprise tablets, dragees, liquids, drops, suppositories, or capsules. A syrup, elixir, or the like, in other embodiments, can be used when a sweetened vehicle is employed. When indicated, suppositories or enema formulations may be the recommended route of administration.

Sustained or directed release compositions can be formulated, e.g., liposomes or those wherein the active compound is protected with differentially degradable coatings, e.g., by microencapsulation, multiple coatings, etc. It is also possible to freeze-dry the new compounds and use the lyophilisates obtained, for example, for the preparation of products for injection.

Thus, the present invention provides for use of the Lipid-conjugates in various dosage forms, including, in some embodiments, those suitable for aerosol, rectal, vaginal, conjunctival, intravenous, intra-arterial, and sublingual routes of administration.

It will be appreciated that the actual preferred amounts of active compound in a specific case will vary according to the specific compound being utilized, the particular compositions formulated, the mode of application, and the particular sites and organism being treated. Dosages for a given host can be determined using conventional considerations, e.g., by customary comparison of the differential activities of the subject compounds and of a known agent, e.g., by means of an appropriate, conventional pharmacological protocol.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

EXAMPLES

The main abbreviations used in the examples below are:

-   HA=hyaluronic acid -   HYPE=dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) conjugated to HA     (also referred to as HyPE, HyalPE) -   CSA=chondroitin sulfate A -   CSAPE=PE conjugated to CSA (also referred to as CsAPE, CsaPE) -   CMC=carboxymethyl cellulose -   CMPE=PE conjugated to CMC -   HEPPE=PE conjugated to heparin (also referred to as HepPE, HePPE) -   DEXPE=PE conjugated to dextran -   AsPE=PE conjugates to aspirin -   HemPE=PE conjugated to Polygeline (haemaccel) -   HyDMPE=dimyristoyl PE linked to HA.

Example 1 Obstructive Respiratory Disease

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the treatment of obstructive respiratory disease. This is demonstrated for asthma in the Experiments 1-8 below. In asthma, the impeded airflow is due to airway obstruction, which is the result of constriction and obstruction of luminal vessels of the lungs. One widely-accepted experimental system to investigate airway constriction is to induce smooth muscle preparations, isolated from airways, to contract in the absence and presence of the drug. Another widely-accepted test of anti-asthma drug action is to use live animals, which have asthma. This disease is present in animals which have been sensitized to an antigen and which can be monitored for exacerbation and recovery from asthmatic breathing using a body plethysmography.

In Experiments 1.1-1.3, the muscle preparation (tracheal rings) was isolated from rats and in Experiment 1.4-1.5 from guinea pigs. Muscle contraction is measured by attachment of the muscle to a pressure transducer, which works much like a spring. Induction of contraction occurs when asthmatogenic substances are administered such as endothelin-1 (ET) an acetylcholine (AcCh).

Experiment 1.1: Isolated rat tracheal rings (in a linear array) were bathed in Krebs-Hanselet buffer (pH=7.4), and linked to a tension transducer. ET-1 was added to a final concentration as indicated, and the tracheal ring contraction was determined by the change in the force applied to the tension transducer (FIG. 1.1A). Subsequently, the highest ET concentration was used in testing the Lipid-conjugates to inhibit the smooth muscle contraction. In this experiment (FIG. 1.1B), rat trachea rings were incubated with the Lipid-conjugate HyPE at the indicated concentration for 1 hr. ET-1 was then added to a final concentration of 1 μM and the ring contraction was determined as in Experiment 1.1A. Each datum is mean±S.D. of four separate experiments (4 rats).

Experiment 1.2: Rat trachea rings were incubated with 3 μM HYPE or hyaluronic acid (HA) alone, for 1 hr. ET-1 was then added to a final concentration of 1 μM (empty bars) or 10 μM (full bars) and the tracheal ring contraction was determined as in Experiment 1.1 (FIG. 1.2).

Experiment 1.3: The same as Experiment 1.2, but the tracheal ring contraction was induced by 10 μM Acetyl Choline (AcCh), as shown in FIG. 1.3.

Experiment 1.4: Guinea pig tracheal rings (in a linear array), immersed in a ringer bath, were connected to an apparatus measuring the length of the ring chain. CMPE or HEPPE was added to the bath 1 h prior to the stimulation of contraction by either Crotalus atrox (type II) enzyme or endothelin-1 as indicated (Table 1.1).

TABLE 1.1 Inhibition of Tracheal Ring Contraction by CMPE and HEPPE Stimulant Lipid-conjugate % Inhibition Phospholipase (0.5 μ/ml) CMPE (10 μM) 100 ± 0.3 (crotalus atrox type II) Histamine (20 μM) CMPE (10 μM)  69 ± 0.1 Histamine (20 μM) HEPPE (15 μM)  56 ± 0.05 Endothelin-1 (100 nM) CMPE (10 μM)  92 ± 1.1

Experiment 1.5: Guinea pig tracheal rings were incubated with or without CMPE for 30 minutes prior to stimulation. The medium was collected after 30 minutes and PGE₂ and TXB₂ were determined by radioimmunoassay (Table 1.2). (n.d.=below limit of detection.)

TABLE 1.2 Inhibition of Tracheal Tissue PGE₂ and TBX₂ Production by CMPE PGE₂ TXB₂ Stimulant CMPE (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Hitsamine (40 μM) — 5.1 5.6  Histamine (40 μM) 10 μM n.d. 1.75

Experiments 1.6-1.7 demonstrate the ability of Lipid-conjugates to exert their pharmacological effect in live animals. In this case, the rats were sensitized by injection with ovalbumin and then tested for asthmatic disease upon re-exposure to the antigen through the respiratory route. For these experiments, asthma was induced in Brown Norway (BN) rats by subcutaneous (S.C.) injection of ovalbumin (OA) with aluminum hydroxide and intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of heat-killed. Bordatella Pertussis on day 1. Bronchoconstriction (challenge) was induced on days 14, 16 and 18 by aerosolic administration of OA. Pulmonary functions were tested with each rat in a body-box on day 18, 5 min. after challenge.

Penh, (pulmonary airflow obstruction in conscious rats) was determined using the method of Hamelmann, et al. Unrestrained conscious rats were placed in a whole-body plethysmograph (Buxco Electronics Inc., Troy, N.Y., USA) connected to a preamplifier (model MAX2270, Buxco Electronics). Analog signals from the amplifier are converted to a digital signal by an AD card (LPM-16 National Instruments Austin, Tex., USA). Calculations of the enhanced pause (Penh) of each breath are used as bronchoconstriction measurements. Penh is the result of the formula: Penh=(PEF/PIF)×((Te−Tr)/Tr) where PEF=peak expiratory flow; PIF=peak inspiratory flow; Te=expiratory time; Tr=relaxation time.

Experiment 1.6: Treatment with Lipid-conjugates, dissolved in PBS, or the vehicle (control) was performed by subcutaneous (S.C.) injection (10 mg/100 g body weight) at 24 and 1 hour prior to challenge with OA (FIG. 1.4). Each datum is mean±SEM for 5 rats. *,**p<0.005.

Experiment 1.7: Aerosolic administration of Lipid-conjugates: In each group, 5 rats in a 20 L cage, inhaled the aerosolic preparation of HYPE for 5 min, one day and 1 hour prior to challenge (FIG. 1.5). Each datum is mean±SEM for 5 rats. * p<0.01.

Clearly, FIGS. 1.4 and 1.5 demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates are effective in treating the asthma both when administered subcutaneously (FIG. 1.4) and as inhaled aerosol. (FIG. 1.5).

Experiment 1.8: The in vivo effects of the Lipid-conjugates are demonstrated not only by their alleviation of the respiratory distress of sick animals but by histological diagnosis as well (FIG. 1.6). Administration of Lipid-conjugates significantly reduces the physiological infiltrates of the airway lumen associated with asthmatic disease, and in this capacity are at least as effective as the standard steroid-based drug dexamethasone.

These experiments demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates may be used for the treatment of obstructive respiratory disease, alleviating airway narrowing by a plurality of mechanisms, including inhibition of contraction and reduction of airway obstructing infiltrates. Additional support for the utility of the Lipid-conjugates in treating obstructive respiratory disease is provided by the results of Experiments 7.1-7.3 below, demonstrating that the Lipid-conjugates are effective in inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation, which is a major cause of morbidity in chronic asthma.

Example 2 Intestinal Diseases: Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Immuno-Inflammatory Intestinal Injury, Drug-Induced Enteropathy and Ischemia-Induced Intestinal Injury

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the treatment of mucosal layer damage occuring gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders. This is demonstrated in Experiments 2.1-2.4. Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease are examples of digestive tract disease in which the mucosal barrier which lines the gut is damaged. One common model of GI disease of this type is the damage to the mucosal lining of the intestines, produced in rodents by high doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as indomethcin (IND), or toxins such as trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), which induce phenotypes of Crohn's disease, or the bowel irritant known as dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (a model of colitis). For experimental protocols see Materials and Methods.

Experiment 2.1: Amelioration of small intestinal injury induced by indomethacin: Indomethacin (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) a cyclooxygenase inhibitor used for induction of experimental gut injury in animal models, was administered intra-peritoneally (IP, 6 mg in 1 ml of 1% NaHCO₃) to rats weighing (200-250 g) and the development and course of the disease were monitored for 5 days, according to our preliminary experiments and the previous reports. In the CMPE-treated group, the drug (20 mg in 1 ml saline) was given I.P. 1 h prior to and 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after indomethacin administration. Control, untreated rats received 1 ml of the vehicle (saline) at the same time points.

Intestinal injury is characterized by permeability to molecules that do not permeate the normal intestine barrier. In the present experiment, intestinal permeability was evaluated by determination of the level of inulin fluorescein (InFl) in the rat plasma following its oral administration. It was previously shown [Krimsky et al., 2000] that although InFl does not normally cross the intestine, it readily permeates the injured intestine, as measured by its appearance in the blood plasma. In the present experiment, InFl was orally given (by gastric intubation) to the healthy (control) and indomethacin-induced rats on the 3rd day after indomethacin administration, and its appearance in plasma was determined 3 h later, by measuring the fluorescein fluorescence [Krimsky et al., 2000]. As shown in FIG. 2.1, the intestinal permeation in the CMPE-treated rats was markedly lower (close to the normal range) than in the untreated rats. The retention of the intestinal wall barrier intactness, as expressed by the prevention of the fluorescent dye permeation, upon treatment with Lipid-conjugate, demonstrates their protective effect against damage-inducing drug or toxin on the functional level.

The rats' survival was monitored for 72 h. Table 1 shows that in rats with indomethacin-induced small intestine injury, the illness is remarkably improved by treatment with Lipid-conjugates, as evidenced by the marked reduction in the mortality rate among the rats treated with CMPE, compared to the untreated rats.

TABLE 2.1 CMPE reduces mortality of rats with indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury: $\frac{{{No}.\mspace{14mu}{of}}\mspace{14mu}{dead}\mspace{14mu}{rats}}{{{No}.\mspace{14mu}{of}}\mspace{14mu}{rats}\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu}{group}}$ % mortality Treatment Treatment PBS CMPE PBS CMPE 2/5 1/5 40 20 2/5 1/5 40 20 3/5 0/5 60 0 TOTAL 7/15 2/15 MEAN 46.7 13.3 ±SEM ±6.7 ±6.7 P < 0.025

The surviving rats were sacrificed and examined for macroscopic and histological damage from the duodenum to the cecum. 20 cm of the jejunum were taken for examination of histological damage. Macroscopic scoring of intestinal damage, from 0 (no damage) to 5 (maximal damage) was assessed by naked-eye examination of areas of mucosal discoloration, erosion, exudation, ulceration, bowel wall thickening and percentage of damaged area. Histological scoring of intestinal damage is the average of microscopic evaluation of five criteria, ranging from 0 (no damage) to 5 (maximal damage): extent of necrotic area, depth of necrosis, white cell infiltration intensity and extent, and fibrosis. FIG. 2.2, left panel (tissue damage macroscore) and FIG. 2.2, right panel (histological score), demonstrate that treatment with the Lipid-conjugates markedly ameliorated the small intestinal damage.

Experiment 2.2: Amelioration of TNBS-induced colon damage by Lipid-conjugates: Colon injury was induced by rectal administration of TNBS (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), 25 mg in 1 ml of 50% EtOH to untreated or CMPE-treated rats (Hebrew University Sabra rats 200-250 g), after 24 h of food-fasting and the course of the disease was monitored for 2 days. In the Lipid-conjugate-treated group, the rats were injected I.P. with 20 mg of CMPE (in 1 ml saline, to obtain about 10 μM in body fluid) at the following time points: 18 h and 0.5 h prior to, as well as 3 h, 18 h and 36 h after TNBS administration. Control, untreated rats received 1 ml of the vehicle (saline) I.P. at the same time points.

Intestinal permeability was tested 12 h after administration of TNBS, by rectal administration of InFl, and determination of its appearance in blood plasma 2 h later. FIG. 2.3 shows that the intestinal permeation in the CMPE-treated rats was markedly lower (close to the normal range) than in the untreated rats. The preservation of the integrity of the intestinal wall barrier by treatment with Lipid-conjugate, demonstrates the Lipid-conjugate capacity to ameliorate damage to intestinal mucosa.

Since, as discussed above, activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is an important determinant of intestinal injury, the effect of treatment with Lipid-conjugates, designed to be an PLA2 inhibitors, on PLA2 level in the colitic rats was also determined. To this end, blood samples were drawn from the (untreated) coliticrats and the CMPE-treated colitic rats at different time points after induction of disease with TNBS. The plasma was separated by centrifugation, and its PLA2 activity was determined by the common method of interacting the enzyme-containing plasma with radioactively-labeled phospholipid membranes, in which the PLA2 activity is expressed by the hydrolysis of the lipid substrate, as measured by the resultant free radioactive fatty acid [Krimsky et al., 2003]. As shown in FIG. 2.4, treatment with CMPE reduced the plasma PLA2 activity considerably (p=0.011 by χ-square test for combined probability), demonstrating the Lipid-conjugate capacity to control the production of injurious lipid mediators.

In addition, it was found that the treatment with the Lipid-conjugate CMPE considerably reduced the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the colon of colitic rats that had survived; Myeloperoxidase activity in tissue homogenate was determined spectroscopically by the common method of o-dianisidine/H202 reaction. The respective MPO activity in the untreated and the CMPE-treated groups was 19.1±2.6 AND 7.9±1.1 units/mg. Tissue (mean±SEM, n=6, p<0.01).

Monitoring of rat survival through 48 h from induction of disease by administration of TNBS, revealed that the illness was remarkably improved by treatment with Lipid conjugates, as evidenced by the marked reduction in the mortality rate among the CMPE-treated rats, compared to untreated colitis rats, as shown in Table 2.2.

TABLE 2.2 CMPE reduces mortality of rats with TNBS-induced colitis. $\frac{{{No}.\mspace{14mu}{of}}\mspace{14mu}{dead}\mspace{14mu}{rats}}{{{No}.\mspace{14mu}{of}}\mspace{14mu}{rats}\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu}{group}}$ % mortality Treatment Treatment PBS CMPE PBS CMPE 4/8 1/8 50 12.5 4/10 0/10 40 0 7/10 3/10 70 30 5/8 1/8 62 12.5 7/10 4/10 70 40 TOTAL 27/46 9/46 MEAN 58.4 19.0 ±SEM ±5.9 ±7.1 P < 0.005

The rats that survived the experiment course (48 h) were sacrificed, and 10 cm segments of the distal colon were dissected longitudinally, stained for histology (FIG. 2.5), and the area of ulcers (in equivalent colon sample) was determined by computerized morphometry (FIG. 2.6). *p<0.004 by Mann-Whitney test (n=5).

Experiment 2.3: Amelioration of Colitis induced in mice by dextran-sulfate. Three groups of mice (n=12) were included. Colitis was induced by 4% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (ICN, MW 36,000-44,000) in the drinking water. In Group 1 (DSS), feeding (free drinking) with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) dissolved in tap water for 7 days followed by plain water for 7 days and treatment was with oral administration (gastric intubation) of solvent (PBS). In Group 2 (DSS+HyPE), feeding was with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) dissolved in tap water for 7 days followed by plain water for 7 days and treatment with oral administration (gastric intubation) of HyPE solution in PBS (2×80 μg/g body weight). Group 3 (healthy control) received plain water for 14 days. Drinking water was ad libidum. The body weight was determined daily (control body weight on the first day of the experiment before treatment was started; final body weight on the day of sacrifice). Dextran-treatment was continued until the mean decrease in body weight of the dextran/solvent containing dextran was changed once after three days; water and water+dextran consumption was determined after 3 days at the end of the dextran supplementation period.

Hemoccult (hemo FEC®, Boehringer Mannheim), presence of gross blood (blood clot around the anus) and stool consistency were determined on day 5 (and on day 6 if not positive on previous day) and on day 10.

Criteria for scoring Disease Activity Index* Weight Stool Occult blood Score Loss (%) consistency or gross bleeding 0 None Normal Negative 1 1–5 Loose stool Negative 2  5–10 Loose stool Hemoccult positive 3 10–15 Diarrhea Hemoccult positive 4 >15 Diarrhea Gross bleeding *Disease Activity Index = (combined score of weight loss, stool consistency and bleeding)/3.

For hematological and microscopical tests, the animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbital (90 mg/kg) where after the abdomen was opened. 0.5 ml of blood was taken from the abdominal aorta and collected in Microtainer® tubes with K₂ EDTA for hematological determination. For determination of colon length, the colon was excised from colo-caecal junction to anus, flushed with saline, placed on a non-absorbent surface and the colon length measured with a ruler. For histology, the distal colon was placed in neutral buffered formaldehyde for at least 3 days. Each segment was cut into 4 transverse parts and routinely processed before embedding in paraffin. The Crypt scoring method [Murray et al., 1993] was as follows: grade: 0=intact crypt, 1=loss of bottom ⅓ of crypts, 2=loss of bottom 2/3, 3=loss of entire crypt but surface epithelium remains, 4=complete erosion of mucous. % area involvement: 1=1-25%, 2=25-50%, 3=51-75%. 4=76-100%. The grade value score is multiplied by the % involvement score (maximum score=16). The injury scoring method (WBC in tissue) was as follows: grade: 0=none, 1=minor, 2=moderate, 3=extensive. % area involvement: 1=1-25%, 2=25-50%, 3=51-75%, 4=76-100% score was multiplied by the % involvement score for each of the four sections (maximum score=12). Number of lymph ‘nodes’=number of accumulations of lymph cells (per section), including normal lymph nodes: every group of lymphoid cells containing more than 20 cells grouped together, were considered as one single accumulation [Okayasu et al., 1990; Murthy et al., 1993].

FIGS. 2.7 and 2.8 show that in mice with dextran sulfate-induced colitis, treatment with HyPE, given orally, the parameters of disease activity were considerably improved, as evidenced by overall disease score (FIG. 2.7) and preservation of colon length (FIG. 2.8).

These experiments demonstrate that Lipid-conjugates are effective in the treatment of intestinal diseases and intestinal injuries.

Example 3 Central Nervous System (CNS) Insult

The Lipid-conjugates are effective as neurotoxic agents, preventing tissue damage following physiological insult to the central nervous system. This is demonstrated in Experiments 3.1-3.10. Ischemic stroke, trauma, infection, cancer metastases, and degenerative disease exemplify physiological insults in which brain tissue injury may be severe and irreversible. Tissue injury typically evokes a myriad of physiological responses to stress, which in the central nervous system take the form of chemical substances released by support tissue. However, an excess of one, or more, of these potentially neurotoxic ‘wound’ chemicals may serve to further disrupt the healing process and contribute to the brain tissue damage. Commonly accepted models for assessing the neuroprotective ability of a new drug employ preparations of brain matrix cells (e.g., glial cells), neurotransmitter-releasing cells (e.g., PC12 cells), and migratory blood cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) which are typically recruited to the sites of damaged brain tissue. Tissue injury in the CNS is frequently compounded by local disruption of the blood brain barrier and subsequent passage of migratory blood cells, which may exacerbate the effects of the original insult and lead to extension of the tissue damage.

In response to substances associated with stress and impending injury, such as the immunogen LPS, the cytokine TNFα or the neurotoxin pardaxin, cells of the central nervous system activate a myriad of wound-response substances, such as sPLA₂, prostaglandin (PGE₂), thromboxane (TXB₂), 5-HETE, oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, or dopamine. When expressed in excess, these substances are either themselves neurotoxic or indicative of cotemporal neurotoxicity, thus their suppression is a frequently chosen target for developing neuroprotective drugs.

Experiments 3.1-3.2 demonstrate Lipid-conjugate inhibition of prostaglandin (PGE₂) release.

Experiment 3.1: Glial cell media was replaced with fresh media prior to all experiments, supplemented with 10 μg/ml LPS. Lipid-conjugates were added 30 minutes before exposure to LPS. The tissue cultures were further incubated at 37° C. for 24 h. Then the medium was collected and the cells were incubated in fresh medium containing LPS and Lipid-conjugate. After an additional 24 h, supernatants were taken for determination of PGE₂ content by ELISA (FIG. 3.1).

Experiment 3.2: For PC-12 cells, following incubation with the indicated Lipid-conjugate, the cells were washed then stimulated with pardaxin (PX) for 30 minutes and the amount of PGE₂ released to the medium was determined by ELISA (FIG. 3.2).

Experiments 3.3 and 3.4: For demonstrating suppression of nitric oxide production by the lipid-conjugates, glial cell media was replaced with fresh media, supplemented with 10 μg/ml LPS. Lipid-conjugates were added 30 minutes before exposure to LPS. The tissue cultures were further incubated at 37° C. for 24-48 h. Supernatants were taken after 24 h for determination of NO by colorimetric measurement using the Griess reagent (FIG. 3.3). Alternately, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with Lipid-conjugates at the indicated concentration for 30 minutes (FIG. 3.4). Then LPS (1 μg/ml) was added to the culture either directly or after washing of the Lipid-conjugates. Nitric oxide was determined by the Griess calorimetric method.

Experiment 3.5: For demonstration of Lipid-conjugate-induced inhibition of soluble phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂) release from glial cells (FIG. 3.5). Prior to all experiments, glial cell media was replaced with fresh media, supplemented with 10 μg/ml LPS. Lipid-conjugates were added 30 minutes before exposure to LPS. The tissue cultures were further incubated at 37° C. for 24-48 h. Culture medium samples (after 24 h) were taken for determination of PLA₂ activity by the hydrolysis of radioactively labeled E. coli membranes. The radioactive free fatty acid released in this reaction was counted in a radioactivity scintillation counter.

Experiments 3.6-3.7: To demonstrate the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to suppress the activation of endogenous phospholipase A₂, measured as fatty acid release. Kidney pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were metabolically labeled with ³H-arachidonic acid (AA) or ³H-oleic acid for at least 6 h, then washed and incubated with Lipid-conjugate as indicated for 30 minutes. The cells were then washed, stimulated with pardaxin (PX) for 30 minutes and the amount of ³H-fatty acid released to the medium was determined in a scintillation counter (FIG. 3.6). For release of oleic acid from macrophages, murine P388D₁ cells were metabolically labeled with radiactive oleic acid, and the release of radioactive oleic acid was determined in the presence (full circles) and absence (empty circles) of LPS following pre-treatment with the indicated concentration of the Lipid-conjugate, as shown in FIG. 3.7.

Experiment 3.8: To demonstrates the ability of Lipid-conjugates to suppress dopamine (DOPA) release. PC12 cells (at confluence) were loaded with radioactive DOPA for 4 h, then washed (in the presence of antioxidant). The cells were then incubated with the indicated Lipid-conjugate for 30 min, then washed and stimulated with PX for 15 min. The amount of labeled DOPA released to the culture medium was determined in a scintillation counter (FIG. 3.8).

Experiment 3.9 For demonstrating Lipid-conjugate suppression of 5-HETE release, PC-12 cells, under identical conditions to Experiment 3.8, are incubated with the indicated Lipid-conjugate, followed by PX stimulation. The amount of 5-HETE released was determined by ELISA (FIG. 3.9).

Experiment 3.10: To demonstrate the potency of Lipid-conjugates to inhibit cell permeation through endothelial cell barrier. Using the T cell transendothelial migration assay (FIG. 4) primary pig brain endothelial cells (PBEC) were plated onto collagen-coated filter, separating between upper and lower chambers. Human peripheral blood T cells were prepared as described in Cabanas and Hogg (1993, PNAS 90: 5838-5842). The T cells were maintained in recombinant human IL-2 for up to 12 days prior to use. Approximately 10⁵ T-cells were added to the upper chamber of the Transwells above the confluent PBEC monolayer and incubated at 37° C. for 5 h. Compounds for testing were also added on the PBEC monolayer at the same time as the T cells. Electrical resistance values were measured over this period at hourly intervals. At 5 hours the Transwells were briefly rinsed in warm medium and fixed in paraformaldeyde. The number of T cells which had migrated to the underside of the filter (i.e., through the PBEC monolayer) was counted as described in the report.

These experiments demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates are potent neuroprotective agents and useful when administered as therapy for the treatment of brain injury in settings such as stroke, tumor, trauma, infection and degenerative disease. Additional support for the efficacy of administering Lipid-conjugates as neuroprotective agents is found in the results of Experiment 7.4 below, demonstrating the efficacy of administering Lipid-conjugates for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Example 4 Multiple Sclerosis

Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy for multiple sclerosis. This is demonstrated in experiments 4.1-4.2 below. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of white tissue in the central nervous system, marked by loss of neurological function. The commonly accepted animal model for this disease is experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE), which may be induced in rodents by subcutaneous sensitization to antigens of the nervous system, such as myelin basic protein. Clinical parameters are expressed by paralysis progressing from the rear limbs to the front limbs, evaluated according to the following score:

Clinical signs Grade None 0 Tail weakness 1 Hind limb weakness and impaired rolling 2 Hind limb paraplegia 3 Hind limb paraplegia and fore limb weakness 4 Quadriplegia and incontinence 5 Death 6

Experiments 4.1-4.2 were performed to demonstrate that rats exposed to EAE-inducing agents are far less likely to develop the paralytic disease when treated concurrently with Lipid-conjugate. Both experiments employed groups of rats in which EAE had been induced by S. C. paw injection of 5 mg mouse spinal cord homogenate emulsified in 0.1 ml of CFA (1:1 in PBS buffer) enriched with inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis 0.4 mg/ml, followed by tail vein injection of 200 ng in 0.2 ml of bordetella pertussis toxin 48 hours later. In Experiment 4.1, one group of rats received 20 mg CMPE every other day for two weeks starting from the first day of the experiment. The other group received the same dose, but only from the seventh day of the experiment (after the T-cells are activated). At the same time the respective control groups were injected with saline (Table 4.1).

TABLE 4.1 Amelioration of EAE (Multiple Sclerosis) by CMPE Duration³ Incidence¹ Severity score² (days) EAE control 75% (6/8) 3.5 ± 2.0 3.8 ± 2.6 EAE + 20 mg/rat CMPE 38% (3/8) 1.3 ± 1.7 2.1 ± 2.5 Day 1–14 EAE + 20 mg/rat CMPE 30% (3/10) 1.1 ± 1.7 1.6 ± 2.5 Day 7–14

In Experiment 4.2, one group received 2 mg of CMPE every other day from Day 1 through the 14 days of the experiment. The other group of rats received 20 mg every other day from day 7 through day 14 of the experiment (Table 4.2).

TABLE 4.2 Amelioration of EAE (Multiple Sclerosis) by CMPE, Low vs High Dose Severity Incidence¹ score² Duration³ (days) EAE control 70% (7/10) 2.9 ± 1.4 3.7 ± 1.0 EAE + 2 mg/rat CMPE, 50% (5/10) 1.1 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 0.8 Day 7–14 EAE + 20 mg/rat CMPE, 20% (2/10) 0.5 ± 1.1 2.7 ± 1.4 Day 7–14

Both experiments show that therapy with Lipid-conjugates results in a less severe course of disease and more complete recovery of motor function, as judged by the percentage of rats showing paralysis (incidence¹), the degree of paralysis and progression towards the front limbs (severity score²), and the duration of paralysis until recovery (duration³). In addition, the results presented in Table 4.2 demonstrate that the therapeutic effect of the Lipid-conjugates is dose-dependent.

Additional support for the efficacy of Lipid-conjugates in multiple sclerosis may be found in Experiments 3.1, 3.3-3.5 and 3.10, above, wherein the neuroprotective effect of the Lipid-conjugates is demonstrated.

Example 5 Skin Diseases, Contact Dermatitis and Psoriasis

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the treatment of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and psoriasis. This is demonstrated in Experiments 5.1-5.5. Skin hypersensitivity reactions may occur in response to virtually any material and may present in both acute and chronic forms. Systemic sensitization to an antigen followed by its local application is a widely-accepted system for invoking the delayed type hypersensitivity response attributed to the mechanism of contact dermatitis. Psoriasis is a common form of dermatitis marked by plaque-like formations, evident on extensor surfaces and, as a hyperproliferative disorder of epithelial cells, drug therapies are typically examined in cell cultures obtained from sufferers of the condition.

Experiments 5.1-5.4 demonstrate that treatment of the animals afflicted with a hypersensitivity reaction readily respond to the administration of Lipid-conjugates, whether applied intraperitoneally (Table 5.1), subcutaneously (Table 5.2), or topically (Tables 5.3-5.4), as both prophylactic and acute therapy.

Three modes of administration were performed: 1) The Lipid-conjugate in saline was injected intraperitoneally daily beginning day 0 until day 6 (Table 5.1); 2) The Lipid-conjugate in saline was injected subcutaneously into the ear (adjacent to the challenged area) in two injections, either 3 h before application of oxalozone to the ear or 1 h after application of oxalozone to the ear (Table 5.2); 3) EtOH:H₂O 1:1 was applied topically to both ears on top of the challenged area daily beginning day 0 until day 6 (Table 5.3); 4) the Lipid-conjugate was applied topically only to the right ear for 5 times 4-6 hours following the challenge (Table 5.4) using either 20 μL of 0.1% DEXPE in 50% EtOH or 20 μl of Dermovat (steroid ointment). In all experiments control Group A (late sensitized only) was treated by topical application of oxalozone to both sides of the ear 24 hours before measuring its swelling. Group B (fully sensitized+saline or EtOH 50% was treated by topical application of oxalozone to the shaved stomach and then on day 6 by topical application of oxalozone to both sides of the ear. Swelling was measured in 0.1 mm by subtracting normal ear width of each individual mouse from the width after treatment. Percent inhibition was calculated by the net swelling of the Lipid-conjugate-treated ear (over that of the control group A), divided by the net swelling of the fully-sensitized ear. As shown in Tables 5.1-5.4, in all cases, treatment with the Lipid-conjugates clearly reduced ear swelling in DTH-induced mice. Of particular interest are the results presented in Table 5.4, showing that although the topical administration of the drug was unilateral in both cases, the steroid affected both ears, while the topically applied Lipid-conjugate affected only the area to which it was applied, indicative of a lack of systemic infiltration of the Lipid-conjugate in this context.

TABLE 5.1 Attenuation of Dermal DTH Response by CMPE - Intraperitoneal Administration Swelling after sensitization − No. of Swelling of normal ear Percent Group Treatment Mice (0.1 mm) Mean ± S.D. (n = 12) inhibition A Control (late sensitized) 6 1.8 ± 1.0 — B Fully sensitized + saline 6 18.5 ± 0.97 — C Fully sensitized + CMC 6 19.8 ± 1.13 — 40 mg (0.4 μmol/kg) D Fully sensitized + CMPE 6  7.9 ± 1.37 66 40 mg (0.4 μmol/kg) E Fully sensitized + betamethasone 6  6.5 ± 1.35 74 5 mg (15 μmol/kg)

TABLE 5.2 Attenuation of Dermal DTH Response by CMPE - Subcutaneous Administration Swelling after sensitization − No. of Swelling of normal ear Percent Group Treatment Mice (0.1 mm) Mean ± S.D. (n = 12) inhibition A Control (late sensitized) 5  4.1 ± 0.82 — B Fully sensitized + saline 5 18.3 ± 0.82 — C Fully sensitized + CMC 5 13.5 ± 2.17 35 (carrier polymer only) 40 mg (0.4 μmol/kg) D Fully sensitized + CMPE 5  5.9 ± 1.52 87 40 mg (0.4 μmol/kg) E Fully sensitized + betamethasone 5  8.1 ± 1.19 72 1 mg (3 μmol/kg)

TABLE 5.3 Attenuation of Dermal DTH Response by DEXPE - Topical Administration Swelling after sensitization − No. of Swelling of normal ear Percent Group Treatment Mice (0.1 mm) Mean ± S.D. (n = 12) inhibition A Control 5  1.5 ± 0.70 — (late sensitized only) B Fully sensitized + saline 5 24.3 ± 1.56 — C Fully sensitized + Dextran 5 24.4 ± 2.4  — (carrer polymer only) (0.5 μmol/kg) D Fully sensitized + DEXPE 5 12.17 ± 1.52  53 (0.5 μmol/kg) E Fully sensitized + betamethasone 5 10.6 ± 0.84 60 (3 μmol/kg)

TABLE 5.4 Attenuation of Dermal DTH Response by DEXPE− Unilateral Topical Administration vs Steroid Preparation Swelling after sensitization − Swelling of normal ear Percent No. of (0.1 mm) Mean ± S.D. (n = 10) inhibition Group Treatment mice Left ear Both ears Right ear Left ear Right ear A Control, 10  1.0 ± — — (late sensitized only) 2.0 B Fully sensitized + 10 23.0 ± — — vehicle (dextran) 4.0 C Fully sensitized +  7 20.0 ± 11.0 ± 14 46 DEXPE 1.0 1.0 (0.5 μmol/kg), on right ear only. D Fully sensitized +  7  7.0 ±  7.0 ± 63 63 betamethasone 1.0 1.0 (3 μmol/kg, dermovat) on right ear only.

Experiment 5.5: To show that Lipid-conjugates effectively inhibit the proliferation of cultured psoriatic skin fibroblasts and Swiss 3T3 cells. Fibroblasts of human psoriatic skin (dermis) cells, (full circles) or Swiss 3T3 cells (empty circles) were treated with CMPE at the indicated concentration for three days, after which the cells were counted (FIG. 5.1). The cell number of the control, untreated group at the end of the three day incubation was taken as 100%. For comparison, carboxymethylcellulose was tested alone (square).

These experiments demonstrate that Lipid-conjugates are effective remedies for the management of various forms of dermititis including skin hypersensitivity reactions and psoriasis. Additional support for the applicability of the Lipid-conjugates the treatment of skin diseases, is provided by Examples 9, 11 and 12, showing that the Lipid-conjugates protect from oxidants and suppress the production of cytokines and lipid mediators, which are involved in the pathogenesis of skin injuries.

Example 6 Cardiovascular Disease

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy for ischemic vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and reperfusion injury. This is demonstrated in Experiments 6.1-6.3

A prominent feature in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of blood lipoproteins, such as oxidized LDL (oLDL), in cells lining vascular walls, and the proliferation of cells lining and within vascular walls, such as smooth muscle cells. The resultant narrowing of the blood vessel lumen at the site of the atherosclerotic lesion may give rise to varying degrees of tissue ischemia. While ischemic events may be reversible, either spontaneously or through medical intervention, the process of tissue injury may persist to the stage of reperfusion injury, in which the previously ischemic tissue is still at risk for damage, through several mechanisms, including oxidative damage.

Experiment 6.1: LDL-PLA₂. Endogenous LDL-phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) hydrolyzes LDL-phospholipids to form lyso-phospholipids, which are chemotactic and facilitate LDL oxidation and uptake by blood vessel wall cells. For demonstrating that the Lipid-conjugates inhibit LDL-associated PLA₂ activity, LDL (0.1 μM) was incubated for 15 min at 37° C. in the absence or presence of HYPE, HEPPE or CMPE at the concentrations indicated (FIG. 6.1). At time zero C₆—NBD-PC (0.5 μM) was added to the dispersion. This resulted in an instantaneous increase of fluorescence intensity (due to incorporation of NBD into lipidic cores). When LDL was incubated alone the increase of fluorescence was followed by time-dependent decrease of fluorescence intensity that can be attributed to hydrolysis of the LDL-associated PLA (and subsequent departure of the resultant NBD-caproic acid from the LDL particle to the aqueous medium). When LDL was incubated in the presence of HYPE, HEPPE or CMPE this time-dependent decrease was fully or partially inhibited.

Experiments 6.2-6.3: To demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates inhibit LDL uptake by cultured macrophages and in whole animals, human LDL (isolated by the conventional method of floatation) were subjected to Cu²⁺-induced oxidation, and labeled with ¹²⁵I. Confluent J774 macrophages were incubated with 100 μM ¹²⁵I-oLDL and Lipid-conjugate at the indicated concentration in PBS buffer (pH=7.4) supplemented with 0.5% BSA, for 3 h. The cells were then washed 4 times with the PBS/BSA, and subjected to lysis by 0.1 N NaOH for 30 min. The cell lysate was collected and the 125I content was determined in a radioactivity counter (Table 6.1).

TABLE 6.1 Inhibition of Oxidized LDL Uptake in macrophages by HYPE and HEPPE Cell-associated Treatment ¹²⁵I-oLDL (DPM × 10⁻³) % Inhibition Control 92.2 ± 4.0 10 μM HYPE 20.9 ± 1.7 78% 20 μM HEPPE 59.2 ± 8.3 37%

Experiment 6.3: Uptake of oLDL in-vivo: Rats weighing 200 g were injected I.V. with 0.4 ml saline containing 250 nmole of Cu²⁺-induced oxidized LDL labeled with ¹²⁵I, and 200 nmole of HYPE. Blood samples were drawn at the indicated time intervals and the ¹²⁵I radioactivity in the plasma was counted (FIG. 6.2).

These experiments demonstrate that administration of Lipid-conjugates is effective therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Additional support for the capacity of the Lipid-conjugates to treat cardiovascular diseases is provided in Experiments 7.1-7.3 and Experiments 9.3 below, showing that the Lipid-conjugates inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and protect LDL from oxidative damage.

Example 7 Prophylaxis for Invasive Surgical Procedures, Including Catheterization

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the treatment and prophylaxis for cardiovascular disease in many settings, including atherosclerosis, as described above, as well as in the setting of stenosis and restenosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. The lipid-conjugates are effective in preventing the formation of stenotic lesions as may occur in the course of invasive surgical procedures which involve manipulation of vascular organs, in particular vascular catheterization.

Since the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is the process leading to blood vessel stenosis, the Lipid-conjugates were assessed for their effect on this process.

Experiments 7.1-7.3 demonstrate the anti-proliferative effects of the Lipid-conjugates on bovine aortic smooth muscle cells, unstimulated or stimulated by thrombin, and on the proliferation of human venous smooth muscle cells.

Experiment 7.1: For unstimulated cells, bovine aortic smooth muscle cells were seeded at 7×10³ cells per well (in 24-well plates), in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, in the absence or presence of HYPE-40 or HYPE-80 (enriched with PE), grown for 72 h, and counted in Coulter (FIG. 7.1).

Experiment 7.2: For stimulated cells, bovine aortic smooth muscle cells were grown under the conditions as above for 48 h, following pre-incubation for 6 h, as indicated, with either thrombin, fetal calf serum, Lipid-conjugate, or both. Cell growth is represented as the amount of thymidine incorporation (FIG. 7.2).

Experiment 7.3: SMC from human saphenous vein, were inoculated at 8×10⁴/cells/5 mm culture dish, in DMEM supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum and 5% human serum. A day later the cells were washed and incubated in the same culture medium in the absence (control) or presence of the Lipid-conjugate (HEPPE) or its polymeric carrier (heparin, at the same concentration as the HEPPE). After 5 days the cells were harvested (by trypsinization) and counted (FIG. 7.3). Each datum is mean±SEM for 3 replications (the same results were obtained in a second reproducible experiment). *p<0.005.

Experiment 7.4: Ischemia/reperfusion injury: As noted above, the injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, is the major stimulant for stenosis subsequent to catheterization, surgery or other procedures that involve vascular obstruction and occlusion. To demonstrate the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to ameliorate this injury, they were tested for inhibition of white cell adhesion and extravasaion, which express ischemia/reperfusion injury to blood vessels. Leukocytes were labeled in vivo by I.V. injection of rhodamine. Ischemia was applied to exposed cremaster muscle in rats (in situ) for 90 min, then blood flow was restored for reperfusion. The fluorescent-labeled leukocytes adherent to blood vessel walls (FIG. 7.4A) and those extravasated to the extravascular space (FIG. 7.4B) were videotaped and counted at the indicated time point during the reperfusion period. Lipid-conjugates (10 mg. 100 g body weight) were injected I.V. 40 min and 10 min prior to induction of ischemia. FIGS. 7.4A and 7.4B show that administration of Lipid-conjugates efficiently suppresses the ischemia/reperfusion-induced adhesion and extravasation of leukocytes. Each datum is mean±SEM obtained from 5 rats with HYPE and 3 rats with HEPPE. p<0.005.

Experiment 7.5: Another expression of damage to blood vessel wall endothelium is adhesion of red blood cells (RBC) to endothelial cells upon their activation by oxygen radicals, lipid mediators or cytokines (produced subsequent to ischemia reperfusion injury). RBC adherence further facilitates vascular occlusion. For demonstrating the protective effect of Lipid-conjugates on endothelium, bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to either tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), phospholipase A₂, arachidonic acid, or hydrogen peroxide, and then assayed for cytodamage, as judged by adhesion of red blood cells as an index of endothelial intactness. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were pre-incubated for 30 min with either 5 μM CMPE or 20 μM DEXPE, then washed and stimulated for 18 h with TNF, ArAr, or PLA₂ at the indicated concentration. For stimulation with H₂O₂, the cells were treated with H₂O₂ for 20 min, then washed and incubated in the control culture medium for 18 h. The BAEC were washed and incubated with human red blood cells (RBC) for 30 min. The cultures were washed and the RBC which remained adhering to the BAEC were counted under a microscope (FIG. 7.5).

Experiment 7.6: Balloon-induced stenosis in rats: To demonstrate the efficacy of Lipid-conjugates in protocols for balloon-induced stenosis in rats, in the carotid artery by both systemic (Table 7.1) and intravenous infusion administration. Rats were pre-treated with I.P. injection of 10 mg/100 g body weight of HYPE in PBS, or PBS alone, 1 day, and also 1-2 hours before injury. Injury was achieved using the standard Fogarty catheter. The rats were injected with the same amount of drug or vehicle every day for 3 days, and then every other day, for a total of 8 injections. Rat were sacrificed on the 14^(th) day, the arteries were processed according to standard procedure. Half of the rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), fixed with formalin and triton, and processed for BrdU staining, and areas of the indicated vascular structures measured for comparison (Table 7.1). The distal left common and external carotid arteries were exposed through a midline incision in the neck. The left common carotid artery was denuded of endothelium by the intraluminal passage of a 2F Fogarty balloon catheter (Baxter, Santa Anna, Calif.) introduced through the external carotid artery. The catheter was passed three times with the balloon distended sufficiently with saline to generate a slight resistance. The catheter was then removed and a polyethylene tube (PE-10) connected to a syringe was introduced into the common carotid artery. A segment of the common carotid artery was temporarily isolated by sliding ligature and vascular clamp. Approximately 50 μl of solution containing 10 nmole of CMPE was injected into isolated arterial segment and left in place for 15 min. The drug solution was then evacuated and the external carotid artery was ligated. The rats were sacrificed 2 weeks later, and the percent of luminal stenosis (in the damaged area) was determined by histological measurement of neointima (N) to media (M) area ratio (Table 7.1).

TABLE 7.1 Inhibition of Balloon-Induced Stenosis in Rats by Lipid-Conjugates % stenosis Experiment Treatment (Mean ± SEM) P N/M P I.P admin- Untreated 53.96 ± 4.11 0.003 1.64 ± 0.12 0.001 istration (n = 7) HyPE 53.96 ± 2.89  1.0 ± 0.08 (n = 6) I.P admin- Untreated 41.53 ± 4.84 0.023 1.16 ± 0.12 0.036 istration (n = 6) CMPE 21.89 ± 5.42 0.64 ± 0.17 (n = 8) Intra-arterial Untreated 53.12 ± 12.8 0.052 1.61 ± 0.17 0.008 Admin- (n = 4) istration CMPE 29.64 ± 2.17 0.99 ± 0.08 (n = 6)

These experiments demonstrate that administration of Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, by a plurality of mechanisms, including inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, uptake of lipoprotein, oxidative stress, and leukocyte activation in models of ischemia and reperfusion. Administration of Lipid-conjugates is of both prophylactic and acute therapeutic benefit when administered in the course of invasive arterial procedures, particularly balloon angioplasty.

Example 8 Invasive Cellular Proliferative Disorders

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy for cellular proliferative disorders, such as cancer. This is demonstrated in experiments 7.1-7.3 above and 8.1-8.8 below. The process of cancer spread entails multiple events, each of these is a worthy target for inhibitory drug action, including the rate of cell-proliferation, the rate of spread through blood vessels, the rate of invasiveness through contiguous and non-contiguous (metastases) tissues, and the rate of production of new blood vessels to supply the cancerous growth. Cancer cells frequently produce intracellular matrix tissue degrading enzymes which serve to enhance their invasive potential. Cancer is thus a multiphasic disease involving the process of tissue invasiveness, spread through tissue channels, angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. These latter processes depend upon the rates of proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

Experiment 8.1-8.3 demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates inhibit the production and activities of enzyme that break the basal membrane and enable the invasion of cancer cells, such as collagenase (metaloproteinase=MMP), heparinase and hyaluronidase:

Experiment 8.1: To demonstrate the Lipid-conjugate effect on collagenase, HT-1080 (fibrosarcoma) cells were incubated for 24 h with HYPE at the indicated concentration. The culture medium was then collected and its collagenase activity was determined by a zymographic assay. Each datum is average of two plates (FIG. 8.1).

Experiment 8.2: To demonstrate the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to inhibit hyaluronidase activity, hyaluronic acid (HA) in PBS (0.75 mg/ml) was interacted with hyaluronidase (15 U/ml) in the absence or presence of HYPE, at the indicated concentration for 1 h. HA degradation was determined by the change in the viscosity of its solution (FIG. 8.2).

Experiment 8.3: To demonstrate the inhibition of heparinase activity by Lipid-conjugates, BGM cells were incubated overnight with 50 μCi ³⁵SO₄ ²⁻ per well (to label the cell surface glycosaminoglycans). The cells then were washed 3 times with PBS before treating with 5 units of heparinase I in 200 μl PBS for 3 h. The medium was collected and its ³⁵S content was counted (FIG. 8.3).

Experiment 8.4: For showing the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to inhibit the invasion of tumor cells through basement membrane, the chemoattractant invasion assay was used: Polycarbonate fibers, 8 μm pore size, were coated with 25 μg of a mixture of basement membrane components (Matrigel) and placed in modified Boyden chambers. The cells (2×10⁵) were released from their culture dishes by a short exposure to EDTA (1 mM), centrifuged, re-suspended in 0.1% BSA/DMEM, and placed in the upper compartment of the Boyden chamber. Fibroblast conditioned medium was placed in the lower compartment as a source of chemoattractants. After incubation for 6 h at 37 C, the cells on the lower surface of the filter were stained with Diff-Quick (American Scientific Products) and were quantitated with an image analyzer (Optomax V) attached to an Olympus CK2 microscope. The data are expressed relative to the area occupied by untreated cells on the lower surface of the filter. (Albini et al., A Rapid In Vitro Assay for Quantitating the Invasive Potential of Tumor Cells. Cancer Res. 47:3239-3245, 1987). FIG. 8.4 demonstrates the Lipid-conjugate ability to attenuate cancer cell invasiveness.

Experiment 8.5: For demonstrating Lipid-conjugate effect on proliferation of endothelial cells, bovine aortic endothelial cells were plated in culture dishes for 6 h, then washed to remove unattached cells. The remaining attached cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of Lipid-conjugates at the indicated concentration, and stimulated with VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) for 48 h. The cells were then washed, collected by trypsinization and counted in a Coulter counter. The results are mean±S.D. for 3 replications. *p<0.005 (FIG. 8.5).

Experiment 8.6: Similar effect was observed with human bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells (UBMEC), stimulated with different growth factors, namely VEGF, b-FGF (fibroblast growth factor), or OSM (oncostatin), as shown in FIG. 8.6.

Experiment 8.7: The capacity of the lipid-conjugates to control angiogenesis is illustrated in FIG. 8.7. This Figure demonstrates the inhibitory effect induced by HyPE on capillary tube formation by HNMEC, in a three-dimensional fibrin gel, stimulated by the above growth factors. HyPE (20 μM) or hyaluronic acid (the carrier without the lipid moiety) were added to the HBMEC-coated beads in the fibrin simultaneously with the growth factors. Line A: b-FGF (25 ng/ml), line B: VEGF (20 ng/ml) and line C: OSM (2.5 ng/ml). Column A: without HyPE, Column B: with HyPE (20 μM).

The corresponding quantitation of the capillary formation is presented in Table 8.1:

TABLE 8.1 HyPE inhibits bFGF-, VEGF- and OSM-stimulated Capillary Tube Formation in a three-dimensional fibrin Gel. Length (μm) Width (μm) Treatment −HyPE +HyPE −HyPE +HyPE Control 232.23 ± 56.13  80.31 ± 30.59***  9.42 ± 1.65 8.32 ± 1.47 BFGF 533.92 ± 65.02 266.73 ± 23.17*** 15.83 ± 2.96 11.21 ± 1.52* VEGF 511.09 ± 72.05 215.68 ± 31.22*** 14.86 ± 1.46  9.32 ± 1.18** OSM 518.82 ± 58.49 234.85 ± 36.32*** 16.89 ± 1.89  10.02 ± 1.00*** Each datum is mean ± SEM of 3 experiments; 5 beads were examined in each field. ***p < 0.005, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05

Experiment 8.8: Effect of Lipid-conjugates on mouse lung metastases formation induced by mouse melanoma cells: 10⁵ B16 F10 mouse melanoma cells were injected I.V. into a mouse (20-25 g). Three weeks later the lungs were collected and the metastases on the lung surface counted. The Lipid-conjugate effect, illustrated in FIG. 8.8, was examined as follows: In experiment I, the indicated Lipid-conjugates was injected I.P. (1 mg/mouse) 5 times a week for 3 weeks starting on day 1 (total of 15 injections) (FIG. 8.8-I). In FIG. 8.8-II, HYPE (selected subsequently to experiment I) was injected I.P. (1 mg/mouse) as follows: A. 5 times a week for 3 weeks starting on day 1 (total of 15 injections); B. 5 times a week for 2 weeks starting from week 2 (total of 10 injections); C. One injection (I.P.) simultaneously with I.V. injection of the melanoma cells. D=Mice injected (I.P.) with hyaluronic acid alone (without PE), 5 times a week for 3 weeks, starting on day 1 (total of 15 injections). Each group included 6 mice. *p<0.0001, **p<1.10-5, ***p<2.10-7.

In addition, Experiments 7.1-7.3 above also demonstrate the capacity of the Lipid-conjugates to control the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, which is essential for tumor vascularization subsequent to capillary formation by endothelial cells.

Taken together, the experiments described above, demonstrate that administration of the Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment of cancer growth and metastasis, by a plurality of mechanisms, including suppression of cell proliferation, invasion of cancer cells, angiogenesis and metastasis formation and tumor vascularization.

Example 9 Anti-Oxidant Therapy

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy for preventing oxidative damage. This is demonstrated in Experiments 9.1-9.3. The noxious effect of peroxide free radicals on living tissue is known as oxidative damage. When cell membranes are the targets for this damaging process, membrane dysfunction and instability result. Oxidative damage to blood proteins, particularly blood lipid proteins, results in their over-accumulation in cells lining the vasculature, thus contributing to atherogenesis. In fact, oxidative cell damage is a major mechanism attributed to the process of aging or senescence.

Oxidative damage to proteins or cell membranes is commonly assessed by exposing these tissues to hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme glucose oxidase (GO), in the absence or presence of additional membrane destabilizing agents, such as PLA₂, or by exposure to divalent cations, such as copper.

Experiments 9.1-9.3 demonstrate the ability of Lipid-conjugates to preserve cells from oxidative damage, as judged by the cells' retention of both arachidonic acid and of low molecular weight intracellular substances.

Experiment 9.1: Confluent BGM (green monkey kidney epithelial cells) were labeled with ³H-arachidonic acid. The cells were treated with CMPE for 30 min prior to treatment with GO and PLA₂ (0.5 u/ml) (FIG. 9.1).

Experiment 9.2: BGM cells were-labeled with ³⁵SO₄ overnight. The cells were washed with DMEM (containing 10 mg/ml BSA) 4 times with PBS. The cells were then incubated in DMEM supplemented with GO (an H₂O₂ generation) for 90, and the culture medium was collected and counted for ³⁵S radioactivity. For treatment with CMPE cells were incubated with CMPE, at the indicated concentration for 30 min prior to introduction of GO. Each datum is MEAN+SEM for 5 replications. *p<0.005; ** p<0.001 (FIG. 9.2).

Experiment 9.3: For demonstrating the ability of Lipid-conjugates to inhibit the oxidation of blood lipoprotein. LDL (0.1 μM) was incubated in the absence and presence of various concentrations of HYPE or HA at 37° C. At time zero 5 μM CuCl₂ was added to the dispersions and the mixtures were continuously monitored for oxidation products at 245 nm (FIG. 10). The absorbance at 245 (OD units) is depicted as a function of time (Shnitzer et al., Free Radical Biol Med 24; 1294-1303, 1998).

Additional support for the anti-oxidant capacity of the Lipid-conjugates is provided by Experiment 7.4 above, showing their inhibitory effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of white cells.

These experiments demonstrate that administration of Lipid-conjugates is effective therapy in the prevention of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress (associated with free radical and hydrogen peroxide production) by a plurality of mechanisms, including inhibiting the oxidation of lipoprotein, as well as their uptake (Experiment 6.3), inhibiting arachidonic acid release, and preserving the integrity of cell membranes (inhibiting GAG degradation), including red blood cell membranes, as described below.

Example 10 Hemolysis

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment and prevention of hemolysis. This is demonstrated in Experiments 10.1. Hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells (RBC), may be either a primary disease in itself, or a syndrome associated with another disease or physiological insult. A commonly accepted model for assessing the membrane-stabilizing effect of a drug is to incubate red blood cells in the presence of known membrane destabilizing agents and to detect for the release of hemoglobulin into the extracellular medium.

Experiment 10.1: To demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates serve to maintain the stability of human red blood cells exposed to membrane-destroying agents. Human RBC were washed in saline and suspended in Hanks buffer (pH-7.4). Hemolysis was induced in the absence or presence of Lipid-conjugates (10 μM), as indicated, by treatment with either streptolysin O (SLO) 5 U/ml, streptolysin S (SLS) 25 U/ml, or lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) 5 μg/ml for 20 min. The cell membranes were spun and the hemoglobin content in the supernatant was determined by measuring the O.D. at 540 nm (Table 10.1).

TABLE 10.1 Prevention of Hemolysis by HYPE, CMPE and HEPPE HEMOLYSIS (O.D. AT 540 nm) Lipid-conjugate SLO SLS Lyso-PC None 1.000 1.000 1.000 HA 1.000 1.000 1.875 HYPE-30* 0.650 0.750 0.335 HYPE-60 0.012 0.005 0.017 HYPE-110 0.005 0.002 0.012 CMPE-60 0.012 0.005 0.002 CMPE-110 0.002 0.002 HEPPE 0.002 1.100 0.002 *The number expresses the amount of nmoles lipid conjugated to 1 mg of polymer.

These experiments demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment of hemolysis and of value as preservatives in blood product storage. Thus Lipid-conjugates are demonstrated to have utility in maintaining hematocrit and in blood-banking.

Example 11 Sepsis

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment of bacteremia-induced shock, otherwise known as septic shock, sepsis or septicemia. This is demonstrated in Experiments 11.1-11.8.

Sepsis is characterized by enhanced levels of cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interleukine-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8, and endothelial cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and E-Selectin. These are involved in the pathogenesis of septic shock, being released both locally and systemically to produce noxious and irreversible effects on tissue integrity and systemic hemodynamics. Exposure of cells to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) immunogens comprises a commonly-used model system for assaying the response of these agents to septicemic conditions.

Experiment 11.1: To demonstrate the ability of the lipid-conjugates to inhibit elaboration of TNF-α in human tissue, fresh heparinized (12.5 U/ml) human venous blood from healthy blood donors was diluted 1:3 with medium RPMI-1640, supplemented with 200 mM glutamine, 200 U/ml penicillin and 200 U/ml streptomycin. Fractions (300 μl) of 1:3 diluted blood were distributed in 24 well Multidisk plates (Nunclon). Blood samples were pre-incubated (30 min at 37° C.) in a humidified atmosphere of 6% CO₂ with 100 μl of compound or solvent before being stimulated by the addition of 100 μl of lipopolysaccharide E. coli 026:B6 (LPS) at a final concentration of 100 ng/ml. After 6 h incubation, the 24 well plates were spun down (2000 rpm×10) and assayed for cytokine content by ELISA. The various HyPEs differed in their phosphate content (FIGS. 11.1-I and 11.1-II).

Experiment 11.2: Sepsis in-vivo: To demonstrate the lipid-conjugate capacity to ameliorate sepsis, they were tested for their effect on endotoxin-induced sepsis in a rat model. To this end the following procedures were performed:

Since endotoxins, administered to animals, produce cardiovascular and multiorgan disorders that are similar to clinical sepsis, in the present study a rat-model was developed to test possible Lipid-conjugates effects on mediator production and mortality in endotoxin-induced Sepsis. Rats were intraperitoneally (I.P.) or intravenously (I.V.) injected with the Lipid conjugates (specifically HyPE, 100 mg/kg) dissolved in sterile saline or with sterile saline alone as placebo. 3 hours thereafter all rats received LPS (15 mg/kg) i.p. (Escherichia coli 111:B44, Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany). In rats that were pretreated with HyPE, LPS was injected together with a refreshing dose of HyPE (50 mg/kg). The concentration of HyPE was determined by extrapolation from the previous in-vitro and in-vivo studies (cited above). The effect of HyPE on LPS injected rats was observed over a time period of 48 hours. As show in in FIG. 11.2, treatment with the Lipid conjugate HyPE markedly reduced the mortality rate among septic rats.

Experiment 11.3: For determination of serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, rats were either pretreated for defined time periods with a priming dose of Lipid conjugates (HyPE or CSAPE as described above), or untreated. Thereafter, the animals received LPS (7.5 mg/kg) i.p. or LPS+LTA i.p. (5+5 mg/kg) (Staph. aureus, Sigma, Germany) alone or together with HyPE (50 mg/kg) or CSAPE (50 mg/kg). Rats that were treated with neither Lipid-conjugates nor with LPS were used as negative control. In other experiments HyPE was intravenously (i.v.) administered (100 mg/kg) simultaneously with an i.p. injection of LPS. Blood samples were collected 60 min, 6 hours and 24 hours after LPS-injection to assess cytokine concentrations. All cytokines were measured in separated serum by ELISA Immunoassays (R&D Systems GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. FIG. 11.3 demonstrtaes that cytokine level in the serum of septic rats is markedly reduced by treatment with Lipid-conjugates.

In Experiment 11.4 HyPE was given inravenously (I.V.) at the same time when LPS was given I.P. (while in Experiment 11.3 HyPE was given I.P. 3 h prior to LPS). As shown in FIG. 11.4, endotoxin-induced cytokine production was suppressed as well by this mode of treatment as with the Lipid-conjugate.

n Experiment 11.5 sepsis was induced by LPS (gram-positive endotoxin, 5 mg/kg) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA, gram-negative endotoxin, 5 mg/kg). FIG. 11.5 demonstrates that the Lipid-conjugates are effective also in suppression of cytokine production induced by this combination of endotoxins.

Experiment 11.6: Lipid-conjugates inhibit endotoxin-induced cytokine mRNA expression. For RNase protection assay (RPA): Rat lung and kidney were removed from Lipid-conjugate-treated or untreated rats 24 hours after Sepsis induction for total RNA isolation using Trizol reagent (Gibco BRL, Eggenstein, Germany). The concentration of RNA in each sample was assessed spectrophotometrically. To evaluate specific RNA levels in rat lung and kidney, a multiprobe RPA-kit was used (riboQuant, PharMingen, Heidelberg, Germany) according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, a set of ³²P-labeled RNA probes synthesized from DNA templates using T7 polymerase was hybridized with 7 μg of total RNA, after which free probes and single-stranded RNA were digested with RNase. Undigested probes and digested samples were loaded on to a 5% denaturing polyacrylamide gel, dried and exposed to a Kodak X-apart film. The expression of each specific mRNA was related to two housekeeping genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and L32, to exclude differences in the amount of RNA that was hybridized. The following templates for rat cytokines were used in the present study: IL-1-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, IFN-γ, L32 and GAPDH. As shown in FIG. 11.6, treatment with Lipid-conjugate inhibited the endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression, respective with FIG. 11.3.

Experiment 11.7: RNA expression of iNOS and secretory PLA₂ Type II (sPLA₂II): For Polymerase Chain Reaction, Total RNA, isolated from rat lung and kidney, was subjected to DNAse digestion (Gibco BRL, Eggenstein, Germany) to remove possible contaminations of genomic DNA. 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA using SuperScript™ II Preamplification System (Gibco BRL, Eggenstein, Germany), essentially as recommended by the manufacturer's instructions. Amplification of 0.5 μl cDNA was performed in a total volume of 25 μl containing 19.6 pmol of each primer (Table 1), 5 mM dNTPs, 2.5 U Taq Polymerase, 10 mM Tris HCl, 7.5 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂. PCR reactions were initiated at 94° C. for 3 min, followed by varying cycles of amplification, each consisting of denaturation at 94° C. for 1 min, annealing at 60° C. for iNOS and 65° C. for sPLA₂-IIA and primer extension 72° C. for 2 min. At the end of the amplification cycles the products were incubated for 10 min at 72° C. In each experiment for each PCR reaction two controls were included, i.e., omitting reversed-Transcriptase from the cDNA synthesis reaction or omitting cDNA from the amplification reaction. PCR products were separated on a 1% agarose gel. FIG. 11.7 demonstrates that the Lipid conjugate ability to suppress the endotoxin-induced gene expression of sPLA₂ IIA and iNOS.

Experiment 11.8: Inhibition of adhesion molecule expression: For determination of ICAM-1 expression in rat tissues (Immunohistochemistry), Cryostat sections of pulmonal and renal tissue were analyzed by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Briefly, ethanol-fixed sections were incubated with primary antibody against ICAM-1 for 1 hour, washed and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated secondary rat IgG antibody for 30 min. The reaction was developed with ABC solution Vectastain (Wertheim, Germany) and terminated by washing with TBS. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin-eosin, dehydrated and analyzed. FIG. 11.8 demonstrates the inhibitory effect of the lipid-conjugates on endotoxin-induced adhesion molecule expression in tissues of septic rats.

The results, presented in FIGS. 11.1-11.8 demonstrate the capacity of the Lipid-conjugates to ameliorate the endotoxin-induced mortality among the septic rats (FIG. 11.2); reduced the blood level of the cytokines TNFα and IL-6 when induced by LPS given either I.P. (FIG. 11.3), or I.V. (FIG. 11.4), and by LPS+LTA (FIG. 11.5); suppress the mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 (FIG. 11.6), and of secretory phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂-IIA) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung and kidney of the septic rats (FIG. 11.7); and suppress the expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 in lung and kidney of the septic rats (FIG. 11.8). Additional support for the Lipid-conjugates to protect from bacterial toxicity is provided in Example 12 below. These results clearly demonstrate the therapeutic capacity of the Lipid-conjugates in the treatment of sepsis.

Example 12 Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is usually induced by bacterial endotoxins (LPS, LTA), a high production of injurious mediators, particularly neutrophil-attracting chemokines, and cytokines, are produced by the lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC). To demonstrate the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to control the production of these injurious agents, LMVEC were treated with LPS (gram-positive bacterial endotoxin) and LTA (gram-negative bacterial endotoxin), in the absence and presence of Lipid-conjugates, and tested for the subsequent production of cytokines and adhesion molecules.

To this end, human lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC) were purchased from CellSystems, Remagen, Germany at passage 4. The cells were seeded in a density of 5000 cells^(−cm2) in T25 flasks and maintained according to the manufacturer's specification in EGM-MV. Characterization of the LMVEC was performed on the basis of a positive staining for uptake of acetylated LDL, Factor VIII related antigen and PECAM (CD31) expression as well as negative staining for alpha smooth muscle actin. In each experiment the viability of LPS- and LTA-stimulated or HyPE-treated LMVEC was tested by trypan blue exclusion. The production and mRNA expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules were determined as described in Example 11 above.

The production of the chemokines ENA-78, Gro-α and IL-8, secreted into the culture medium of stimulated LMVEC, was measured by ELISAs according to the manufacturer's instructions.

For RNA isolation and Polymerase Chain Reaction by RT-PCR, confluent LMVEC were stimulated with medium as control or with LPS (1 μg^(−ml)) or LTA (10 μg^(−ml)) in the presence or absence of HyPE (10 μM). Total RNA was isolated using Trizol-Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each RNA preparation was subjected to DNAse digestion to remove possible contaminations of genomic DNA. 1 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using SuperScript™ II Preamplification System according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplification of 0.5 μl of cDNA was performed in a total volume of 25 μl containing 19.6 pmol of each chemokine primer, 5 mM of dNTPs, 2.5 U Taq Polymerase, 10 mM Tris HCl, 7.5 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂. PCR reactions were initiated at 94° C. for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of amplification, each consisting of 94° C. for 1 min, 58° C. for 1 min, 72° C. for 2 min. At the end of the amplification cycles the products were incubated for 10 min at 72° C. Control samples were constructed either by omitting cDNA synthesis or without addition of cDNA. PCR products were separated on a 1% agarose gel. Real-time PCR: 500 ng of total RNA of each sample was in addition reverse-transcribed into cDNA for Real-time PCR analysis using 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Roche). cDNA was diluted in 20 μl DEPC-treated water. DNA standards were generated by PCR amplification of gene products, purification and quantification by spectrophotometry. Real time PCR of cDNA specimens and DNA standards were performed in a total volume of 25 μl in the presence of 2 μl Light cycler-FastStart DNA Master SYBR GreenI reaction mix, 0.5 μM of gen-specific primers and 4 mM MgCl₂. Standard curves were generated for all chemokines. PCR efficiency was assessed from the slopes of the standard curves and was found to be between 90% and 100%. Concentration of chemokine cDNA was calculated by linear regression analysis of all standard curves and was corrected for an equal expression of GAPDH. At least five reproducible experiments were performed.

Adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and p-selectin were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS); Confluent LMVEC were stimulated with medium as control or with LPS (1 μg^(−ml)) or LTA (10 μg^(−ml)) in the presence or absence of HyPE (10 μM). Thereafter cells were harvested by T/E, extensively washed and monoclonal antibodies directed against the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin in dilutions of 1:20 were added for 30 min at 4° C. In addition unstimulated or stimulated cells were harvested as described and preincubated for 20 min with HyPE (10 μM) and monoclonal antibodies against TLR4. Cells were washed and incubated with an anti-mouse F(ab′)2, FITC conjugated secondary antibody. After washing cells were analyzed by FACS-scan.

Expression of NFκB was determined by Electrophorese mobility shift assay (EMSA); Confluent LMVEC were preincubated overnight in basal medium containing 0.01% BSA. Thereafter they were stimulated or not for different time periods with LPS, IL-1 or TNF-α in the presence or absence of HyPE, and respective nuclear extracts were prepared. Oligonucleotides containing a NFkB consensus sequence (5′-AGT TGA GGG GAC TTT CCC AGG C-3′) were labeled to a specific activity >5×107 cpm^(−μg) DNA. NF-kB-binding was performed in 10 mM HEPES, (pH=7.5), 0.5 mM EDTA, 70 mM KCl, 2 mM DTT, 2% glycerol, 0.025% NP-40, 4% Ficoll, 0.1 M PMSF, 1 mg^(−ml) BSA and 0.1 μg^(−μl) poly di/dc in a total volume of 20 μl. Nuclear extracts (10 μg) were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in the presence of 1 ng labeled oligonucleotide. DNA-protein complexes were resolved on 5% non-denaturating polyacrylamide gels electrophoresed in low ionic strength buffer and visualized by autoradiography. Specificity of shifted bands was demonstrated by adding a cold NFkB consensus sequence or by supershift using anti-p65 antibodies.

Experiment 12.1 demonstrates that the Lipid-conjugates are effective in suppressing the endotoxin-induced production and RNA expression of the chemokines IL-8, ENA-78 and Gro-α and their mRNA expression, as shown in FIGS. 12.1, 12.2 and 12.3.

Experiment 12.2 demonstrates that the Lipid-conjugates are effective in suppressing the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin (FIG. 12.4).

Experiment 12.3 demonstrates that Lipid-conjugates are effective in suppressing the expression of NFκB, the transcription factor that is enhanced in endotoxin-induced injurious states (FIG. 12.5)

Together with the experiments of Example 11, these results further demonstrate the therapeutic capacity of the Lipid-conjugates in the treatment of ARDS and lung injuries, as well as other disease that share common mechanisms, such as peritonitis, kidney failure, organ transplantation and the like.

Example 13 Transplant Organ Rejection, Alloimmune, and Autoimmune Disease

The Lipid-conjugates are effective therapy in the treatment of autoimmune and alloimmune disease, including treatment for tissue transplantation. This is demonstrated in experiments 13.1-13.5 below. Alloimmune disease includes tissue damage due to the immune response when tissue, including blood products and whole organs, is transplanted from a donor to a recipient. This response is frequently directed against blood vessel tissue. Autoimmune disease may involve any organ via immune mediated destruction directly of the parenchyma or through the organ's vasculature. Two events dominant in either disease process are the proliferation of lymphocytes and immunological responses involving the MHC group of antigens. Commonly accepted demonstrations of the immunosuppressive effect of a drug are the ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and the ability to inhibit the expression of the MHC group of antigens.

Experiments 13.1-13.2 demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates suppress the expression of the human MHC antigen group, both at the basal level, and upon exposure to a stimulatory agent.

Experiment 13.1: Human proximal tubular endothelial cells (PTEC) cultured to confluency in human endothelial growth medium were incubated in control or IFN-γ supplemented medium (10 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of HYPE (10 μM) for the indicated time. The cells were washed and then mobilized by trypsinization and incubated for 30 min with specific antibodies fluorescently labeled with FITC. The expression of MHC-1, MHC-2, and ICAM was determined by FACS and expressed as the median of the respective cell-associated fluorescence intensity (Table 13.1).

TABLE 13.1 Effect of HYPE on Basal and IFN-γ-Induced Expression of MHC Class I, Class II, and ICAM-1 in PTEC Basal expression IFN-γ-induced expression^(a) −HYPE +HYPE^(b) P −HYPE +HYPE^(b) P MHC 75 ± 12^(c)  11 ± 4 <0.01 1040 ± 72  87 ± 16 <0.01 Class I MHC −^(ud) −^(ud) 94 ± 8 6.6 ± 8   <0.01 Class II ICAM- 15 ± 3   6.5 ± 2 <0.05 38 ± 5 7 ± 5 <0.01 1 ^(a)PTEC were stimulated with 100 ng/ml of IFN-y for 72 h. ^(b)HYPE was used in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. ^(c)Results are expressed as mean fluorescence intensity ± SD using data from three independent experiments. ^(ud)Undetectable

Experiment 13.2: Lipid-conjugates inhibit the MHC-I expression by endothelial cells: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated for 72 h in culture medium (control) or stimulated with INFγ, in the absence or presence of HYPE. The same procedure as in the previous Table was applied. The expression of MHC-1 was determined by FACS and expressed as the median of the respective cell-associated fluorescence intensity (FIG. 13.1).

Experiment 13.3: To demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates inhibit the ability of lymphocytes from both healthy and diseased animals to proliferate in response to various stimulatory agents, pooled lymph node cells (LNC) were prepared from four mice. The in vitro response of LNC was assayed in triplicate in a 96 well plate. LNC 2.5×10⁵ were added to each well, together with Concanavalin A (Con A, 1 μg/ml), proteolipoprotein (PLP, 10 μg/ml), and LPS (50 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of CMPE (10 μM) for 96 h. During the final 18 h, 1 μCi/well ³[H]thymidine was added to each well, after which the plate was harvested onto a glass fiber filter, and counted in scintillation fluid. FIG. 13.2 demonstrates the ability of the Lipid-conjugates to inhibit the proliferation of activated T-cells.

Experiment 13.4: Modulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR): Because the proliferation of allospecific T lymphocytes requires the recognition of MHC class II, it was investigated whether the Lipid-conjugates can influence T-cell activation stimulated in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR, with dendritic cells). To this end, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were isolated from two HLA-incompatible individuals by Ficoll. PBL from one individual were used to isolate dendritic cells by cultivating adherent mononuclear cells in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (800 U/ml) and IL-4 (1000 U/ml) (both from R&D Systems) for 7 days. On day 7, the cultures were stimulated for 3 days in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF with a cocktail of IL-1 (10 ng/ml), IL-6 (1000 U/ml), PGE2 (1 g/ml), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α, 10 ng/ml). Thereafter dendritic cells were irradiated (30 Gy) and used as stimulators. T cells from an HLA-incompatible individual were purified by negative selection using minimacs and used as responder in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). MLR reactions were set up in different stimulator:responder ratios for 3, 5, or 8 days in the presence or absence of HYPE. Proliferation was measured by means of BrdU incorporation using a cell-based ELISA system (BrdU labeling and detection kit III, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

FIG. 13.3 shows that lymphocyte proliferation was strongly impaired by HYPE in MLR. A significant inhibition was still observed when dendritic cells were preincubated for 24 hr with 1 mg/ml of HYPE and used as stimulator cells in MLR in the absence of HYPE (*P<0.01; **P<0.05, by statistical analysis performed by ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing).

Experiment 13.5: Cytokine production by T-lymphocytes subjected to MLR: PBL were isolated as described and cultured in MLR, in the presence or absence of HYPE (1 mg/ml). Culture supernatants from MLR were collected on day 5 and were analyzed for the production of IFN-, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 by ELISA (all from R&D Systems) performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Lipid-conjugate effect is demonstrated in Table 13.2:

TABLE 13.2 HyPE inhibits cytokine production by MLR-stimulated lymphocytes Medium +HyPE (10 μM) IL-2 (pg/ml) 570 ± 20  73 ± 12* IFN-γ (pg/ml) 2250 ± 243 500 ± 63* IL-10 (pg/ml) 39 ± 4  8 ± 2** * P < 0.01, **P < 0.05. Each datum is mean ± SD for 3 experiments.

In addition to the immune response, transplant rejection is facilitated by ischemia/reperfusion injury and damage by oxygen radicals. Data presented in the previous examples above demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates prevents white cell activation induced by ischemia/reperfusion (Example 7.4), and are effective as anti-oxidant therapy (Example 9). Taken together, the data presented here demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates provide effective therapy for prevention of transplant rejection.

Example 14 Viral Infection

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of viral infection, particularly the infections due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is demonstrated in Experiment 14.1 below. The process of viral infection comprises stages in which free viral particles are able to enter host cells and produce signs of illness. A commonly accepted assay for anti-viral activity of a drug is to incubate a preparation of the viral agent in the presence of the drug, followed by testing for viral infection in a human cell line.

Experiment 14.1: To demonstrate that the Lipid-conjugates are capable of preventing HIV infection of target cells, whole blood units were mixed with HIV and a Lipid-conjugate (50 μM HEPPE, 30 μM HYPE) for 30 min. The cells were then spun and the supernatant was examined for HIV infectivity on HT4-1022 cells as described by Margolis-Nunno et al. (Transfusion, 36, 743-750, 1996). FIG. 14.1 demonstrates the ability of Lipid-conjugates to prevent HIV infection of cells.

Experiment 14.2: Inhibition of HIV-1_(IIIB) Infection

Table 14.2 demonstrates the capacity of the Lipid-conjugates to inhibit HIV replication, as expressed by the production of the nucleocapsid p24 antigen, which is produced in the host cell upon its infection by HIV virus: ³¹MT-2 cells (10⁴) in 96-well plates were infected with HIV-1 (a dose sufficient to accomplish a multiplicity of infection of 0.0045) in 200 μl of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), in the absence (control) and presence of the indicated Lipid-conjugate. After 1 h and 24 h, respectively, half of the culture medium was changed and replaced by fresh medium (with/without Lipid-conjugate). On the fourth day after incubation at 37° C., 100 μl of culture supernatants were collected from each well and an equal volume of fresh medium was added to the wells. The collected supernatants were mixed with an equal volume of 5% (v/v) Triton X-100 and assayed for p24 antigen using an ELISA kit from Coulter Immunology (Hialeah, Fla.).

TABLE 14.1 Inhibition of p24 production Compounds IC₅₀ (M ± SD) μg/ml IC₉₀ (M ± SD) μg/ml HyPE 207.0 ± 18.0 384.3 ± 79.3 CSAPE 72.5 ± 8.0 106.0 ± 10.3 HepPE 10.0 ± 2.3 19.3 ± 4.5 HemPE  375.8 ± 119.5 >500 HyDMPE 118.0 ± 16.8  296.3 ± 104.0

Experiment 14.3: Inhibition of fusion between HIV-infected with HIV-uninfected cells: The anti-HIV-1 activity of the Lipid-conjugates was evaluated by measuring the inhibition of fusion between HIV-1 infected and uninfected cells.

In this assay, HIV-1_(IIIB-)infected H9 cells were labeled with BCECF (2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5-6-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl-ester, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. BCECF-labeled H9/HIV-1 IIIB cells (10⁴) were mixed with 1×10⁵ uninfected MT-2 cells. After incubation in a 96-well plate at 37° C. for 2 h, the fused and unfused labeled cells were counted under an inverted fluorescence microscope at ×160 magnification. At least 200 BCECF-labeled cells were counted and the proportion of fused cells was determined. These tests were carried out in the presence and absence of graded quantities of the tested Lipid-conjugates, as shown in Table 14.2.

TABLE 14.2 Inhibition of cell fusion between HIV-infected and uninfected cells. Compounds IC₅₀ (M ± SD) μg/ml IC₉₀ (M ± SD) μg/ml HYPE >500 >500 CSAPE >500 >500 HepPE 7.9 ± 1.3 15.3 ± 3.9 HemPE >500 >500 HyDMPE 122.8 ± 14.8  219.8 ± 10.6

These experiments demonstrate that administration of Lipid-conjugates is effective therapy in the treatment of viral infection, particularly HIV, and useful in the eradication of viral particles from contaminated materials, including blood products.

Example 15 Treatment of Conjunctivitis

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in treatment of hypersensitivity conjunctivitis induced by the delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response. This is demonstrated in Experiment 15.1 below.

Experiment 15.1: Guinea pigs were sensitized by two I.P. injections (one week between injections) with 10 mg ovalbumin dissolved in 0.5 ml PBS, supplemented with Freunds adjuvant. Three weeks after the original sensitization the first challenge was performed by dripping 5 mg ovalbumin dissolved in 25 ml PBS (FIG. 15.1) and repeated challenges were performed 3, 4, 5, and 6 days after the first challenge (FIG. 15.2). For treatment the drug (CMPE), suspended in PBS was dripped into the right eye of each animal on days 3, 4, 5, and 6 after the first challenge. Clinical evaluation of corneal opacity was done on days 5 and 6. Ophthalmic levels of LTB4 and PGE₂ were determined by ELISA (FIG. 15.3). For comparison, the effect of steroid treatment was evaluated in parallel. These results demonstrate the Lipid-conjugate ability to ameliorate allergen-induced conjunctivitis.

Example 16 Treatment of Chlamydia Infection

The Lipid-conjugates are effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of infection with intracellular bacterial parasites, particularly infections due to chlamydial species. This is demonstrated in Experiments 16.1-16.2 below.

Experiment 16.1: Human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line, HeLa 229 (ATCC, Manassas, Calif.), were cultured and incubated with the PL conjugates (20 micromolar) for 30 min, then incubated with Chlamydia psittaci (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis servovar) for 24 hr. Infected cells were detected by cytofluorometry (FACS) using FITC-conjugated anti-Chlamydia antibody (FIG. 16.1A).

FIG. 16.1B depicts the dose response of the Lipid-conjugates inhibitory effect on infection of HeLa cells by Chlamydia: HeLa cells were treated with the Lipid-conjugates at the indicated concentration, and infected with Chlamydia as above

Experiment 16.2: Inhibition of Chlamydia-induced cell apoptosis: HeLa cells were treated with Lipid-conjugates and infected with Chlamydia psittaci as in Experiment 16.1. For determination of apoptosis, detergent-permeabilized cells were stained with propidium iodide, and their fluorescence was measured by cytofluorometry (FIG. 16.2).

Additional support is provided in Examples 11-12, showing that the Lipid-conjugates protect from gram-negative and gram-positive endotoxins. Taken together, the data presented here demonstrate the Lipid-conjugate capacity to ameliorate bacterial toxicity.

Example 17 Toxicity Tests

Experiment 17: The following compounds were tested: HyPE, CMPE, CSAPE and HepPE. The compounds were injected IP at one dose of 1000, 500 or 200 mg/Kg body weight. Toxicity was evaluated after one week, by mortality, body weight, hematocrit, blood count (red and white cells), and visual examination of internal organs after sacrifice. These were compared to control, untreated mice. Each dose was applied to a group of three mice. No significant change in the above criteria was induced by treatment with these compounds, except for the HepPE, which induced hemorrhage.

The non-toxicity of the Lipid conjugates is demonstrated in Table 17.1 and Table 17.2, depicting the results obtained for HyPE in acute (17.1) and long-term (17.2) toxicity tests.

TABLE 17.1 Acute toxicity Dose of HyPE (mg/kg body RBC × WBC × Hematocrit weight) Body weight (g) 10⁶ 10³ %  0.0 21.9 ± 0.2 22.6 ± 0.3 10.7 ± 0.4 9.3 ± 0.3 45.0 ± 0.5 (control) 250  22.1 ± 0.4 23.1 ± 0.6 11.4 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.2 43.3 ± 0.7 500  21.4 ± 0.3 22.3 ± 0.4 11.5 ± 0.3 8.1 ± 1.3 44.7 ± 2.3 1000   21.7 ± 0.2 22.1 ± 0.2 10.9 ± 0.4 7.4 ± 0.6 40.3 ± 0.7 RBC = red blood cells. WBC = white blood cells. Each datum is mean ± SEM.

For long-term toxicity test of HyPE, a group of 6 mice received a dose of 100 mg HyPE/Kg body weight, injected IP 3 times a week for 30 weeks (total of 180 mg to a mouse of 20 g). Toxicity was evaluated as for Table 17.1. No mortality, and no significant change in the above criteria was induced by this treatment, compared to normal untreated mice (see Table 17.1), as depicted in Table 17.2.

TABLE 17.2 Results at week 30: Body weight RBC WBC Hematocrit (g) ×10⁶ ×10³ % Control (untreated) 39.5 ± 3.1 10.9 ± 0.8 9.3 ± 0.6 45.0 ± 0.8 rats HyPE-injected rats 39.0 ± 2.7 11.7 ± 0.7 8.1 ± 15  43.4 ± 4.9

Example 18 ExPLIs Inhibit CNS Inflammation

Experiment 18:

Antibodies for Identification of Glial Cell-Specific Markers

Antibodies against glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) a specific astrocyte marker; anti-ED-8, a microglia marker and anti-virnentin, a fibroblast marker, were purchased from Dako Denmark; FITC and rhodamine conjugated second antibodies were purchased from Sigma USA. Rabbit anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) was used to identify the oligodendrocytes (Brenner, et al., 2001).

Preparation of Glial Cell Cultures

Dissociated brain cells were prepared from fetal (20-21 day gestational age), as described (Brenner, T., et al., (1998) Exp Neurol 154:489-98), seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/35 mm diameter dish, and cultured for 1-2 weeks in Dulbeccows modified Eaglews medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Gibco, USA). Innmunofluorescence staining was used to identify and count the various cell types in the cultures, as described (Brenner, T., et al., (1986) J Neurosci 6:1925-33). The assay revealed that the mixed glial cell cultures contained 95-98% astrocytes, <1% oligodendrocytes, <1% fibroblasts and 3-5% microglia.

Reseeding of Pure Astrocyte Cultures

To ascertain that PLA2, PGE2, and NO were secreted by the astrocytes and not mainly by the 3-5% microglia present in the mixed cultures, the cells were treated with 0.125% trypsin (Bio-LAB, Israel) for up to 10 min at 37° C., conditions under which microglia and macrophages are not affected but the astrocytes detach. The detached cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 1000 rpm in the presence of 20% FCS and replated at the initial density. Two days later, the pure astrocyte cultures were available for experimentation. Immunofluorescent staining of the reseeded cultures, using anti-GFAP, anti-ED-8, anti-MBP and anti-vimentin showed that they contained only astrocytes.

Gial Cell Incubation with LPS, Activators, and Inhibitors

Glial cell culture medium was replaced with fresh medium devoid of FCS, to which 10 mg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Sigma) was added. The cells were activated by the addition of 100-500 ng/ml of venom PLA2 (Sigma) with or without LPS. CMPE (10 mM) and HyPE (10 mM) dissolved in PBS were added 30 min prior to the LPS, PBS alone was added to control cultures. The cultures were further incubated at 37° C. for various lengths of time. Aliquots of the culture media were removed and stored at −70° C. until assayed for PLA2 activity, PGE2 and NO production. Glial cell viability was determined by trypan blue (0.4%, Sigma) exclusion. Under the experimental conditions, LPS and the inhibitors used did not affect cell viability.

Determination of Inflammatory Mediators

Secretion of PLA2 into the culture medium: Cell-free medium was incubated with E. coli membranes labeled with [³H] oleic acid (Amersham, UK), as described (Davidson, et al., (1987) J Biol Chem 262:1698-705) following treatment. Labeled membranes were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with 10 ng of Naja PLA2 (Sigma) or with the tested supernatant, in a final volume of 350 ml. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 100 ml 2 N HCL. Bovine serum albumin (100 mg) was then added, the test tubes were centrifuged and the radioactivity in the supernatants was determined by liquid scintillation.

PGE2 production was measured by radioimmunoassay, using specific antibody and radioligands, as described, (Brenner et al., 1998, supra). Anti-PGE2 and standard PGE2 were purchased from Sigma, ³[H]PGE2 (150-200 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Amersham, UK.

NO generation was determined by measuring the accumulated nitrite in the supernatant, as described (Brenner et al. 1998, supra). Briefly, an equal volume of Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide, 0.1% naphthalene diamide HCL, 2% H3PO4) was added to the tested supematant. Following a 10 min incubation at room temperature, color production was measured at 550 nm with an ELISA reader (MR 700, Dynatect, USA), and calculated according to a standard curve.

EAE Induction and Evaluation of Clinical Disease

6-8 week-old-rats were immunized with 50 mg of autologous spinal cord (50% homogenate in saline), emulsified in an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) containing 3 mg killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, strain H37Ra (Difco, USA). A 0.1 ml volume of inoculum was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into each hind footpad. Animals were treated with a daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CMPE at a concentration of 10 mg/animal/day, from the day of disease induction until termination of the experiment (22 days). Controls were inoculated i.p. with placebo. All the animals were examined daily and evaluated for clinical signs of disease.

8-10 week-old-mice were immunized s.c. in each hind footpad, with 5 mg of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH), 0.1 ml of emulsion containing equal volumes of PBS and CFA, supplemented with 4 mg/ml H37Ra. In addition, 400 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (Sigma) were injected into the tail vein at the time of MSCH inoculation and after 48 h (Brenner et al., 1998, supra). Mice were inoculated i.p. with HyPE at a concentration of 2.5 mg/animal/alternate days, from the day of disease induction until termination of the experiment (25 days).

The clinical status of the rats and mice was graded according to the following scale: 0, without clinical disease; 1, tail weakness; 2, hind limb weakness sufficient to impair righting; 3, one limb plagic; 4, paraplegia with forelimb weakness; 5, quadriplegia; 6, death.

Lymphocyte Proliferation Assay

Pooled lymph node cells (LNCs) were prepared from inguinal, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes from naive mice or from mice that had been s.c. inoculated 9 days earlier with MSCH in CFA. The in vitro response of the LNCs was assayed in triplicate wells of 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates. A total of 4×10⁵ LNCs, suspended in 0.2 ml RPMI supplemented with 5% FCS, was added to each well with or without 1 mg/ml Concanavalin A (Con A) (Sigma, USA), or 10 mg/ml of the encephalitogenic peptide moiety (amino acids 139-152) of proteolipid protein (PLP). At 72 h after seeding, 1 mCi ³[H]thymidine (Amersham, UK) was added to each well and the plates were incubated for an additional 18 h. The plates were then harvested with a semiautomated harvester onto a glass fiber filter, and the radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation (Brenner et al., 1998 supra).

Statistical Analysis

Group differences were analyzed by One Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (One Way ANOVA), according to Dunnett and Student's t-test. Differences in disease incidence were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. p<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

To characterize the involvement of PLA2 in the stimulation of glial cells by LPS, the effect of LPS on endogenous PLA2 activity and secretion, concomitantly with the production of NO and PGE2, and the influence of ExPLIs on these processes was measured. While basal PLA2 activity in the culture medium was very low, stimulation with LPS markedly enhanced PLA2 secretion, in a time-dependent manner (FIG. 18.1). Concomitantly the production of NO increased from 0.5±0.1 nmole/ml to 1.5±0.2 nmole/ml after exposure of the cultures to LPS, PGE2 increasing from 113.5±17.7 pg/ml to 725.0±117.6 pg/ml. (The results are the mean±SE of five different experiments performed in quadruplicate).

Since the glial cultures contained 3-5% microglia, the secretion of PLA2, PGE2, and NO by the mixed cultures was compared with that of pure astrocytes. The latter secreted the same amounts of PLA2, PGE2, and NO as the mixed cultures (when evaluated per cell number), and displayed similar kinetics (data not shown).

LPS stimulation of the production of NO and other inflammatory mediators could be independent of its effect on PLA2, or the LPS mechanism of action may involve activation of sPLA2 and therefore these possibilities were examined in glial cell cultures. Toward this end, two approaches were used: 1) determination of the effect of exogenous sPLA2 on NO production, and 2) determination of the effect of EXPLI on NO synthesis by LPS-stimulated glial cells. FIG. 18.2 shows that while treatment of the glial cells with exogenous sPLA2 alone did not induce NO production, the concomitant addition of LPS and exogenous sPLA2 markedly enhanced its synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, it appears that in addition to inducing the secretion of endogenous PLA2 (FIG. 18.1), LPS conditions cells to the action of exogenous PLA2. Furthermore, addition of the ExPLI CMPE (10 mM) markedly suppressed LPS-induced secretion of sPLA2, as well as the production of NO and PGE2 (FIG. 18.3).

The inhibition of inflammatory mediator production by CMPE demonstrated the ExPLIs' potential use as protective agents against exogenous inflammatory mediators. To further these findings, the inhibition of LPS-induced sPLA2 secretion from glial cells by another EXPLI, in which truncated hyaluronic acid is linked to PE (HyPE), instead of to CMC was determined. FIG. 18.4 shows that HyPE markedly inhibited sPLA2 activity in LPS-stimulated glial cells.

The PLA2 inhibiting lipid (derivatized PE), when linked to polymeric carriers, i.e. the ExPLIs, are amphipathic. The compound hydrophobicity may change as a function of the ratio between the lipid component and the polymer. This ratio may also determine to what extent the ExPLIs are anchored to the cell surface and modulate their inhibitory capacity accordingly. As shown in FIG. 18.4, increasing the lipid to polymer ratio augmented the inhibition of the LPS-stimulated sPLA2 activity. Similarly, the HyPE containing the highest lipid to polymer ratio (i.e. PE 110), showed the highest inhibitory effect on PGE2 and NO production: 83.3 and 70% inhibition respectively (p<0.05).

T cell reactivity towards the encephalitogenic peptide PLP and the mitogen Con A was studied in T lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes of EAE and naive mice. CMPE, administered in vitro, inhibited encephalitogenic-specific PLP-induced T cell proliferation in EAE mice, by 90%. A reduction in Con A-induced proliferation was observed both in naive and EAE animals by 46% and 42% respectively (FIG. 18.5).

To determine the effect of ExPLIs on processes related to CNS inflammation, their influence on EAE, the CNS inflammatory and demyelinating autoimmune disease used to study human Multiple Sclerosis was examined, as well. ExPLIs treatment was tested in two acute EAE models: in the Lewis rat and in the SJL mouse. Due to the high cost involved in the synthesis of ExPLIs (HyPE in particular), each compound was tested in only one model: CMPE in rats and HyPE in mice. As shown in Tables 18.1 & 18.2 and FIG. 18.6, ExPLIs effectively suppressed EAE clinical manifestations, in either model.

CMPE completely suppressed the clinical expression of EAE in 20 out of the 28 treated animals. The incidence of EAE was reduced by 61% (p<0.05) and the severity by 75% (p<0.05) (Table 18.1 and FIG. 18.6A). Furthermore, treatment of EAE in SJL mice with HyPE (2.5 mg/mouse/every other day) from the day of induction, showed a similar protective effect, i.e. a reduction in disease severity and incidence by 35% and 50%, respectively. (Table 18.2 and FIG. 18.6B).

REFERENCES

-   1. Krimsky et al., Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and     Pharmacology 11:143-153, 2000. -   2. Krimsky et al., American Journal of Physiology 285:G586-G592,     2003. -   3. Murthy et al. Dig Dis Sci, 38, 1722, 1993. -   4. Okayasu et al., Gastoenterology, 98, 694, 1990. 

I claim:
 1. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to X via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X, wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate or a derivative thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said glycosaminoglycan is hyaluronic acid.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said glycosaminoglycan is chondroitin sulfate.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said chondroitin sulfate is chondroitin-4-sulfate.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein said chondroitin sulfate is chondroitin-6-sulfate.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said glycosaminoglycan is di- and trisaccharide unit monomers of glycosaminoglycans.
 8. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (II):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to X via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 9. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (III):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either nothing, inositol, choline, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to X via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 10. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (IV):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to X via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 11. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (V):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to X via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to X via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 12. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (VI):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either nothing, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the phospholipid moiety is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide or an ester bond and to the phospholipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 13. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (VII):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the lipid moiety is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide or an ester bond and to the lipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 14. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (VIII):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either ethanolamine, serine, inositol, choline, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the lipid moiety is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide or an ester bond and to the lipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 15. A method of ameliorating damage to the nervous system in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a conjugate having the general structure of formula (IX):

wherein R₁ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; R₂ is a linear, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated, alkyl chain ranging in length from 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Z is either choline, phosphate, inositol, or glycerol; Y is either nothing or a spacer group ranging in length from 2 to 30 atoms, wherein said spacer comprises —CO-alkylene-NH—, —CO-alkylene-CO— or a combination thereof; wherein if Y is nothing the lipid moiety is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide bond and if Y is a spacer group, the spacer group is directly linked to the glycosaminoglycan via an amide or an ester bond and to the lipid moiety via an amide bond; X is a glycosaminoglycan; and n is the number of lipid moiety molecules bound to a molecule of X wherein n is a number from 1 to 1000; wherein said damage to the nervous system in said subject is ameliorated.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is administered a composition comprising said conjugate.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said damage to the nervous system is caused by inflammation. 